In evolutionary biology, robustness of a biological system (also called biological or genetic robustness) is the persistence of a certain characteristic...

brow ridges and general robustness of males. Another important physiological change related to sexuality in humans was the evolution of hidden estrus. Humans...

low level of robustness. Thus, robustness reduces the amount of heritable genetic variation on which selection can act. However, robustness may allow exploration...

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes...

computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution and cope with erroneous input. Robustness can encompass...

Look up Robustness, robustness, Robust, or robust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution...

nature and robustness of the evidence. Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited...

this is a minority usage. Plain 'robustness' to mean 'distributional robustness' is common. When considering how robust an estimator is to the presence...

striking example of convergent evolution. There is some dispute as to whether this smaller Euungulata is a cladistic (evolution-based) group, or merely a phenetic...

Switzerland. He is known for his work on the role of robustness and innovation in biological evolution. Wagner is professor and chairman at the Department...

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the...

with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. These resemble snakes, but...

robustness. Neither canalisation nor robustness are simple quantities to quantify: it is always necessary to specify which trait is canalised (robust)...

The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have begun in the Indian subcontinent from even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) 50 million years ago (mya) and...

the different categories of classes in order to ensure the robustness of the design. Robustness diagrams allow to visually represent the relation between...

monkeys, and the apes, including Homo sapiens. The origins and early evolution of primates is shrouded in mystery due to lack of fossil evidence. They...

restriction on the evolution of protein sequences. It has been proposed that the presence of chaperones may, by providing additional robustness to errors in...

Evolutionary algorithms (EA) reproduce essential elements of the biological evolution in a computer algorithm in order to solve "difficult" problems, at least...

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book...

Recurrent evolution – The repeated evolution of a particular character Robustness (evolution) – Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions...

to be synonymous with Australopithecus. They are also referred to as the robust australopithecines. They lived between approximately 2.9 and 1.2 million...

Jablonski, Nina; Chaplin, George (2000). "The evolution of human skin coloration" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (1): 57–106. Bibcode:2000JHumE..39....

Differential evolution (DE) is an evolutionary algorithm to optimize a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a...

through convergent evolution maintained the small, ancestral appearance of the miacoids, though there is some variation seen such as the robust and stout physicality...

and fruitful system design and evolution Extended Robustness Analysis - that investigates consequences of such evolution, identifying weaknesses and system...

23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant...

Cooperation Iterated prisoner's dilemma Tit for tat Ronald A. Heiner. Robust Evolution of Contingent Cooperation in Pure One-Shot Prisoners' Dilemmas. Discussion...

Wagner; et al. (1 September 2003). "Perspective: Evolution and detection of genetic robustness". Evolution. 57 (9): 1959–1972. doi:10.1111/J.0014-3820.2003...

Schleidt, W. (2003). "Co-evolution of humans and canids: An alternative view of dog domestication: Homo homini lupus?" (PDF). Evolution and Cognition. 9 (1):...

of the evidence on which evolutionary theory rests, demonstrates that evolution does occur, and illustrates the processes that created Earth's biodiversity...