Subjective Refraction is a technique to determine the combination of lenses that will provide the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). It is a clinical...

eyeglass prescription. A refraction procedure consists of two parts: objective and subjective. An objective refraction is a refraction obtained without receiving...

provide the starting point for the ophthalmologist or optometrist in subjective refraction tests. Here, lenses are switched in and out of a phoropter and the...

between the two sides is too small to distinguish. Eye examination Subjective refraction Gantz, Liat; Schrader, Shlomo; Ruben, Ruthie; Zivotofsky, Ari Z...

"objective refraction" the clinician typically shows the person lenses of progressively higher or weaker powers in a process known as subjective refraction. Cycloplegic...

(objective, allows to see lens and cornea components of astigmatism) and subjective refraction. Three treatment options are available: glasses, contact lenses...

2020-04-30. "Clinical Refraction" by Irvin Borish. The Professional Press, Chicago, Ill. 3rd edition 1970. p.47-63 "Clinical Refraction" by Irvin Borish....

other accessories in subjective refraction (finding the correct spectacle power) and retinoscopy. To measure a patient's refractive error, squint and presbyopia...

cylindrical lenses with equal strength and opposite power, is used in subjective refraction to diagnose astigmatism, and assess the strength and axis of the...

observation system for vitreous body surgery, universal trial goggles for subjective refraction, various perimeters for visual field testing and vision testing...

contains different lenses used for refraction of the eye during sight testing, to measure an individual's refractive error and determine their eyeglass...

retinoscope or an automated refractor-objective refraction; or trial lenses in a trial frame or a phoropter to obtain a subjective examination. Ancillary tests...

distinction between subjectivity and objectivity: the existence of knowledge, ideas, or information either dependent upon a subject (subjectivity) or independent...

(September 2008). "Association between ocular dominance and refraction". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 24 (7): 685–9. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20080901-07....

difficult, one eye being more nearsighted or farsighted than the other (refractive), or clouding of the lens of an eye (deprivational). After the underlying...

Spherical equivalent refraction (±0.50 D) was 95.5% for the Contoura Vision group and 77.3% for the SMILE group (P < .002). Residual refraction cylinder (≤ 0...

observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become...

Khurana, A. K. (2018). "Clinical Refraction:Determination of Errors of Refraction". Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction (Fourth ed.). Elsevier. p. 158...

clinical manual on refraction and other ophthalmic procedures for use by his students. Since no comprehensive textbook on refraction had been written in...

Irvin M. (1949). Clinical Refraction. Chicago: The Professional Press. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart (1969). The Practice of Refraction (8th ed.). St. Louis: The...

indicated for use in cycloplegic refraction (to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the eye) and the treatment...

(D) = 15 − 0.25 × (age in years). A basic eye exam, which includes a refraction assessment and an eye health exam, is used to diagnose presbyopia. In...

and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective. Arguing against Ptolemy's refraction theory for why people perceive the Sun and Moon larger...

correction, and after refraction. This allows the optometrist or ophthalmologist ("eye doctor") to determine the extent refractive errors play in limiting...

Creig S; Taylor, David (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Emmetropization, refraction and refractive errors: control of postnatal eye growth, current and developing...

luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO. Brightness is the term for the subjective impression of the objective luminance measurement standard (see Objectivity...

AK (September 2008). "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and practice of optics and refraction (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-81-312-1132-8...

the case of myopia, the correction is to reduce the power of the eye's refraction by a so-called minus lens. Neural factors that limit acuity are located...

This is due to double refraction as the light bends twice, when entering and leaving the prism. With this double refraction, the two subsidiary images...

respectively. Ophthalmic astigmatism is a refraction error of the eye in which there is a difference in degree of refraction in different meridians. It is typically...