quintuplet and singlet, i.e. 6 states. It is sometimes known as the Interacting boson approximation (IBA).: 7  The IBM1/IBM-I model treats both types of nucleons...

a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no colour charge that couples to (interacts with) mass. It is...

Boson sampling is a restricted model of non-universal quantum computation introduced by Scott Aaronson and Alex Arkhipov after the original work of Lidror...

gas can be easily expanded to any kind of ensemble of massless non-interacting bosons. The phonon gas, also known as Debye model, is an example where the...

Regions of differently shaped nuclei, as predicted by the Interacting Boson Approximation...

identical bosons using the Hartree–Fock approximation and the pseudopotential interaction model. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a gas of bosons that are...

not change particle flavour. Thus Z bosons are similar to the photon, aside from them being massive and interacting with the neutrino. The weak interaction...

weak interaction, and the Higgs boson. In the Higgs mechanism, the Higgs field manifests Higgs bosons that interact with some quantum particles in a...

Warner, D. D.; Casten, R. F. (1983). "Predictions of the interacting boson approximation in a consistent Q framework". Physical Review C. 28 (4): 1798–1806...

condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero...

method). In the 1980s he occupied himself with, among other things, the interacting boson model, and in the 1970s with quantum field theory in strong fields...

study static properties of boson systems without geometrical frustration. For fermions, there exist very good approximations to their static properties...

the speed of light measured in vacuum. The photon belongs to the class of boson particles. As with other elementary particles, photons are best explained...

liquid, or Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid, is a theoretical model describing interacting electrons (or other fermions) in a one-dimensional conductor (e.g. quantum...

related to fermions, and called collective excitations if they are related to bosons, although the precise distinction is not universally agreed upon. Thus,...

Shivam; Pica Ciamarra, Massimo (2023). "Quasi-localized vibrational modes, boson peak and sound attenuation in model mass-spring networks". SciPost Physics...

A(x) are called gauge bosons. The interpretation of the interaction Lagrangian in quantum field theory is of scalar bosons interacting by the exchange of...

1978. Her dissertation, The level structure of 196Pt and the interacting boson approximation, was supervised by Linwood L. Lee. Others of her mentors in...

getting a mass. This is a consequence of the Ward identity. The W-boson and the Z-boson get their masses through the Higgs mechanism; they do undergo mass...

weak force allows a quark to change its flavour by means of a virtual W boson from vacuum fluctuations leading to creation of an electron/antineutrino...

massless bosons appear, corresponding to the remaining symmetry. This is called the Goldstone phenomenon and the bosons are called Goldstone bosons. The SU(Nf) × SU(Nf)...

a quantum system of non-interacting bosons, is naturally derived from the grand canonical ensemble without any approximations. In this ensemble, the system...

In particular, at low energies, α ≈ 1/137, whereas at the scale of the Z boson, about 90 GeV, one measures α ≈ 1/127. Moreover, the perturbative beta function...

boson itself; Higgs boson does not exist: then the weak bosons acquire mass by directly interacting with the vacuum condensate. Thus, the Higgs boson...

technicolor or composite Higgs bosons are unknown. Much technicolor research focuses on exploring strongly interacting gauge theories other than QCD,...

Goldstone boson is "eaten" by the corresponding gauge boson by becoming an additional degree of freedom for the gauge boson. The Goldstone boson equivalence...

The Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model that...

electroweak-interacting particles described by this table. However, since each of the three electrically neutral elementary vector bosons' electroweak...

have also been proposed, such as the interacting boson model, in which pairs of neutrons and protons interact as bosons. Ab initio methods try to solve the...

virtual photon. In the case of interacting nucleons, the dotted line would be a virtual pion. In the case of quarks interacting by means of the strong force...