applications. Creationists often claim that the theory of evolution lacks any practical applications; however, this claim has been refuted by scientists...

Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response...

of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change...

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential...

and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life. In accordance with...

Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading...

foundation of reptiles were founded. The evolution of lungs and legs are the main transitional steps towards reptiles, but the development of hard-shelled...

Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution), alternatively called evolutionary creationism, is a view that God acts...

scientists and philosophers of science have described evolution as fact and theory, a phrase which was used as the title of an article by paleontologist...

development of an organism's sex Life cycles/nuclear phases – Series of stages of an organism Applications of evolution – Practical application of biological...

The history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with "comparative biochemistry", but the field of molecular evolution came into its...

adaptive zone. Sources of ecological opportunity can be the loss of antagonists (competitors or predators), the evolution of a key innovation or dispersal...

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous...

Experimental evolution is the use of laboratory experiments or controlled field manipulations to explore evolutionary dynamics. Evolution may be observed...

increases in the power of computers allowed practical applications, including the automatic evolution of computer programs. Evolutionary algorithms are now...

with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa". In 1970, Michener et al. defined "systematic biology"...

Unsolved problem in biology: What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? (more unsolved problems in biology) Sexual...

Mosaic evolution (or modular evolution) is the concept, mainly from palaeontology, that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems...

The level of support for evolution among scientists, the public, and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the creation–evolution controversy...

rest of the taxa in the tree, or by introducing additional assumptions about the relative rates of evolution on each branch, such as an application of the...

microevolution in the wild. Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of microevolution; for example, bacterial strains that have antibiotic...

Macroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution...

Darwinian evolution. The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness. Fitness does not include a measure of survival...

In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation...

reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population...

genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions. Diversifying selection...

Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years...

When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification...

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the...

Wagner, G. P.; DeSalle, R. (eds.). Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Basel; Boston: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-2942-6. LCCN 94018022...