Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding...

the case of DFT, these are functionals of the spatially dependent electron density. DFT is among the most popular and versatile methods available in condensed-matter...

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms...

lattice if the electron density is less than a critical value. This is because the potential energy dominates the kinetic energy at low densities, so the detailed...

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs...

topological analysis of the electron density of molecules. Such quantum chemical topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF)...

proposed. While electron density ρ(r) itself generally does not provide useful guidance in this regard, the Laplacian of the electron density is revealing...

Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region...

is proportional to the charge density of the electron at any point. In atoms and molecules the charge of the electrons is distributed in clouds called...

sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure...

The electron ( e− or β− ) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton...

fixed and it depends upon the electron density of the ionosphere. Critical frequency can be computed with the electron density given by: f c = 9 N max {\displaystyle...

conduction band for electrons, integrating over the valence band for holes). If the total number of charge carriers is known, the carrier density can be found...

^{2}}{5m_{\text{e}}}}{\rho _{\text{e}}}^{5/3},} where ρe is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal, one can prove...

nucleon. This experiment measured the plasma electron density near the mother satellite and also the total electron content between the mother (ISEE-1) and...

reaction. An electron withdrawing group (EWG) will have the opposite effect on the nucleophilicity of the ring. The EWG removes electron density from a π...

the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean...

the electron concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ...

are now mostly made using density functional theory (DFT), which directly calculates the electron density. This electron density is then analyzed using the...

measurement of electron density, ion temperature and electron temperatures, ion composition and plasma velocity. If there is a greater amount of electrons present...

this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through the two bonded...

source, which is in the public domain. "Experiment: Plasma (Total Electron) Density by Radio Techniques". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 20 November...

effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting...

sensitive to a variety of factors including: 1) metal identity and electron density; 2) sterics; 3) participating ligands; 4) coordination number; 5) geometry;...

electron density at the aryl carbon bonded to the carbonyl carbon (10c, 11d). Phenyl groups have low migratory aptitude, but higher electron density at...

variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC)....

X-ray methods the map produced is of the electron density of the system (usually a crystal), whereas in electron methods the map is of the electrostatic...

Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation...

bonded electrons—the molecular orbitals—as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are made by applying the density functional...

donates electron density and the highest energy π orbital accepts electron density. The allyl complex is diverse because it can alter the metal's electron count...