Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote...

by their source, such as fungal biotoxins, microbial toxins, plant biotoxins, or animal biotoxins. Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence...

paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin is an acetylcholine...

readily transmitted via food which includes bacteria and viruses. Microbial toxins are also possible contaminants of food; However, microorganisms and...

"12,13-Epoxytrichothecenes.". In Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl SJ (eds.). Microbial Toxins. Vol. VII. New York, NY: Academic Press. pp. 207–292. US Military Gulf...

adaptive immune system against viruses, intracellular bacteria and microbial toxin. By binding specifically to surface structures (antigen) on an infectious...

test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe. Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection and competitive immunoassays...

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease begins with weakness,...

nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing microbial toxins and causing immunosuppression. Optimal virulence describes a theorized...

Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was...

spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin. C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria...

control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by plants containing added...

immunoassay test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection and competitive immunoassays...

RY-sin) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. The median...

plants. Some types of toxins covered are: aflatoxins, exotoxins, endotoxins, neurotoxins, any other toxin from animal, plant or microbial origin. The journal...

defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct...

Wilson BJ (1971). Ciegler A, Kadis S, Ajl SJ (eds.). Microbial Toxins, Vol. VI Fungal Toxins. New York: Academic Press. p. 251. Brian PW (1951). "Antibiotics...

needed] Uremic toxins are any biologically active compounds that are retained due to kidney impairment. Many uremic salts can also be uremic toxins.[citation...

inflammatory conditions are shown in Figure 2. During inflammation, LPS, microbial toxin, and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 or TNF-α, induce the CALC-1...

disruption of tissue that occurs during gas gangrene. The toxin involved in gas gangrene is α-toxin, which inserts into the plasma membrane of cells, producing...

Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed', and τοξικόν (toxikón) 'poison, toxin') are complex allelopathic chemicals produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic...

with proteases found in the insect gut, which liberate the toxin from the crystal. The Cry toxin is then inserted into the insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing...

ISBN 978-0-387-72417-1. OCLC 227210110. Collin F, Maxwell A (August 2019). "The Microbial Toxin Microcin B17: Prospects for the Development of New Antibacterial Agents"...

(2002). "Beauvericin: Chemistry, Biology and Significance". Advances in Microbial Toxin Research and Its Biotechnological Exploitation. pp. 23–30. doi:10...

2000). "Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin forms multimeric transmembrane pores in human endothelial cells". Microbial Pathogenesis. 28 (1): 45–50. doi:10...

Interface (University of Chicago) 2010: Collier Award, Gordon Conference, Microbial Toxins and Pathogenicity 2012: Vallee Foundation Travel Award 2013: Damon...

2009) Bernheimer A W (1970) Cytolytic toxins of bacteria, vol I. In: Ajl S, Kadis S, Montie TC (eds) Microbial toxins. Academic, New York, pp 183-212 Thelestam...

alpha-helical or beta-barrel channels. Such transformations occur in pore forming toxins such as colicin A, alpha-hemolysin, and others. They may also occur in BcL-2...

which modify the normal growth processes. Antibiosis example — enzymes, toxins, antibiotics. Direct parasitism example — biotrophic or necrotrophic. competition...

NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated by PAMPs such as microbial toxins (for example alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus) or whole pathogens, for instance...