of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first...

Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992. NIST Atomic Spectra Database Ionization Energies Molar ionization energies of the elements...

in higher ionization energies. The term ionization potential is an older and obsolete term for ionization energy, because the oldest method of measuring...

energies of the elements (data page) — Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol) Melting points of the elements (data page) —...

ionization is electron ionization (EI). Soft ionization refers to the processes which impart little residual energy onto the subject molecule and as...

trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom;...

coined the term "radioactivity" to define the emission of ionizing radiation by some heavy elements. (Later the term was generalized to all elements.) Their...

used three criteria to describe the six elements commonly recognised as metalloids: metalloids have ionization energies around 200 kcal/mol (837 kJ/mol)...

197300121. Matsumoto, Paul S (2005). "Trends in Ionization Energy of Transition-Metal Elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 82 (11): 1660. Bibcode:2005JChEd...

v t e Periodic table of electronegativity by Pauling scale → Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases → See...

within a small range of energies and the irregularities shown below do not necessarily have a clear relation to chemical behaviour. For the undiscovered eighth-row...

ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446...

are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium...

effects, unlike the 3p, 4p, and 5p subshells of heavier elements. As a result, ionization energies and electronegativities among these elements are higher...

or acid-ionization constant; denoted K a {\displaystyle K_{a}} ) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. It is the equilibrium...

the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion...

supplied energy must also provide the change in internal energy, U , which includes activation energies, ionization energies, mixing energies, vaporization...

Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968. As quoted from various sources in an online version of: David...

Ionization energies of the elements (data page) — ionization energies (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol) Atomic radii of the elements (data page)...

IELi, the first ionization energy of gaseous lithium. B(F–F), the standard enthalpy of atomization (or bond energy) of fluorine gas. EAF, the electron...

entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state(s)...

list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia. In the following table, the use...

ionization constant of 101.4, and mixtures with water at all proportions are liquid at room temperature. However, perchloric acid has an ionization constant...

mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition...

Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds The following molar volumes and...

plot of relative abundance against mass-to-charge ratio. It is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass...

critical elements of nuclear weapons. Uranium and thorium also have diverse current or historical uses, and americium is used in the ionization chambers of most...

elemental molar masses from integers are primarily due to the fact that the element is a mixture of isotopes. Aston similarly showed in 1920 that the molar mass...

the reaction standard Gibbs energy, which is the sum of the standard Gibbs energies of the reaction products minus the sum of standard Gibbs energies...

from the infrared into the visible spectrum. Most of the electrons in these negative ions come from the ionization of metals with low first ionization potentials...