Parental investment, in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, is any parental expenditure (e.g. time, energy, resources) that benefits offspring...

Parental care refers to the level of investment provided by the mother and the father to ensure development and survival of their offspring. In most birds...

matriphagy is an extreme form of parental care but is highly related to extended care in the Funnel-web spider, parental investment in caecilians, and gerontophagy...

Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness...

before the end of the period of parental care – there is a higher rate of male births to equalise parental investment in each sex. Fisher's principle...

to address this. Parental investment does not explain the interest in the ability to provide resources since the parental investment in long-term mating...

generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards eggs compared to females...

an opportunity for selection to favor the grandmother hypothesis. Parental investment, originally put forth by Robert Trivers, is defined as any benefit...

much parental investment is expected of the male, and provided research support for her hypotheses. When men expect to provide a high level of parental investment...

particular, Robert Trivers' concept of parental investment. Trivers defined parental investment as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring...

sociality: parental investment. Parental investment is any expenditure of resources (time, energy, social capital) to benefit one's offspring. Parental investment...

(discriminative choice of mating partners). Life history theory (that includes Parental Investment Theory) provides an explanation for the above mechanisms and strategies...

Non-paternity event Parental abuse by children Parental age (disambiguation) Parental bullying of children Parental investment Parental narcissistic abuse...

Utetheisa ornatrix, also called the ornate bella moth, ornate moth, bella moth or rattlebox moth, is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It is aposematically...

marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price, and parental investment. The theories and findings of evolutionary psychology have applications...

higher-than-expected offspring sex ratio (more sons). According to the parental investment theory, the gender that invests more in offspring tends to be more...

possessive techniques such as holding her hand in public. With regards to parental investment, males are much more wary when investing in offspring as they cannot...

In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring. It is a complex social behaviour in vertebrates associated with...

will need when they subsequently reproduce, as a result of staying in the parental nest. Kin selection: since subsequent litters or broods from the same parents...

Robert L. Trivers presented his parental investment theory. Trivers defined parental investment as any investment made by the parent that benefits his...

as a function of lifetime parental investment. Parental investment was defined by Robert Trivers in 1972 as "any investment by the parent in an individual...

perspective this is due to females' higher parental investment and the lack of guarantee of male parental investment. Females therefore need to be seduced...

mates and parenting skills. Such parental influences lead to the theories of inclusive fitness as well as parental investment in illustrating the roots of...

gender discrimination theory, the gender essentialism theory and the parental investment theory. This theory suggests that a patriarchal kinship system, prevalent...

349–368, doi:10.1038/hdy.1948.21, PMID 18103134 Trivers, R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and...

individual parental investment of r-strategists, or on a reduced quantity of offspring with a corresponding increased parental investment of K-strategists...

fitness, especially parental investment theory. They argue that human child rearing is so prolonged and costly that "a parental psychology shaped by...

differences in optimal parental investment (PI) in an offspring from the standpoint of the parent and the offspring. PI is any investment by the parent in an...

females as possible outside of a pair bond relationship because their parental investment is lower, meaning they can copulate and leave the female with minimum...

child. The equivalent term in evolutionary biology is bi-parental care, where parental investment is provided by both the mother and father. The original...