• Refinement is a generic term of computer science that encompasses various approaches for producing correct computer programs and simplifying existing programs...
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  • open cover in mathematical topology Refinement (category theory) Refinement (computing), computer science approaches for designing correct computer programs...
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  • {\displaystyle m=1,2,3,\dots \,,} the mth iteration of iterative refinement consists of three steps: Compute the residual error rm r m = b − A x m . {\displaystyle...
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  • {\displaystyle {\sqrt {S}}} , an iterative refinement is performed until some termination criterion is met. One refinement scheme is Heron's method, a special...
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  • Lower and Upper Bounds for the Complexity of Canonical Colour Refinement". Theory of Computing Systems. 60 (4): 581–614. arXiv:1509.08251. doi:10.1007/s00224-016-9686-0...
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  • Robert; Tarjan, Robert E. (1987), "Three partition refinement algorithms", SIAM Journal on Computing, 16 (6): 973–989, doi:10.1137/0216062, MR 0917035...
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  • Green computing, green IT (Information Technology), or ICT sustainability, is the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT. The...
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  • Thumbnail for Scrum (software development)
    areas of improvement, and continuous process improvement actions. Backlog refinement is a process by which team members revise and prioritize a backlog for...
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  • new vertices in the mesh are computed based on the positions of nearby old vertices, edges, and/or faces. In many refinement schemes, the positions of old...
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  • Thumbnail for History of computing hardware
    University Computing History Computer Histories – An introductory course on the history of computing Revolution – The First 2000 Years Of Computing, Computer...
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  • Private biometrics Verifiable computing using a fully homomorphic scheme Client-side encryption Confidential computing Searchable symmetric encryption...
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  • Thumbnail for Numerical Recipes
    Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30811-9. (Fortran and Pascal) Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition...
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  • Thumbnail for Extract, transform, load
    In computing, extract, transform, load (ETL) is a three-phase process where data is extracted from an input source, transformed (including cleaning),...
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  • B-Method (section Refinement)
    generation. Compared to Z, B is slightly more low-level and more focused on refinement to code rather than just formal specification — hence it is easier to...
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  • Thumbnail for Bottom–up and top–down design
    leadership. A top–down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition) is essentially the...
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  • Data mapping (category Computing articles needing expert attention)
    In computing and data management, data mapping is the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct data models. Data mapping is used...
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  • Join (sigma algebra), a refinement of sigma algebras Join (algebraic geometry), a union of lines between two varieties In computing: Join (relational algebra)...
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  • Thumbnail for Multics
    Multics ("MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service") is an influential early time-sharing operating system based on the concept of a single-level...
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  • Thumbnail for Partition of a set
    representative element from every equivalence class. A partition α of a set X is a refinement of a partition ρ of X—and we say that α is finer than ρ and that ρ is...
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  • variable List of abstractions (computer science) Refinement for the opposite of abstraction in computing Integer (computer science) Heuristic (computer...
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  • rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computing tools, and new technologies. The term is used across many disciplines...
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  • Thumbnail for Computer security
    language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open-source project in the area...
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  • Thumbnail for Niklaus Wirth
    Niklaus Wirth (category 1994 Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery)
    1971 Communications of the ACM article "Program Development by Stepwise Refinement", concerning the teaching of programming, is considered to be a classic...
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  • Shared-nothing architecture (category Distributed computing architecture)
    A shared-nothing architecture (SN) is a distributed computing architecture in which each update request is satisfied by a single node (processor/memory/storage...
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  • FDR (Failures-Divergences Refinement) and subsequently FDR2, FDR3 and FDR4 are refinement checking software tools, designed to check formal models expressed...
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  • Thumbnail for Z notation
    Z notation (category Oxford University Computing Laboratory)
    is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs...
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  • essential features without including the background details or explanations. Refinement - It is the process of elaboration. A hierarchy is developed by decomposing...
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  • reflection in programming languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time. Reification is one of the most frequently used...
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  • Issue on 'Emerging Trends in Soft Computing - Memetic Algorithm' Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Soft Computing Journal, Completed & In Press...
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  • needed] Psion's own PDAs had a GUI named Eikon. Visually, Eikon was a refinement of design choices from Psion's 8- and 16-bit devices. Early iterations...
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