• Thumbnail for Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
    Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson (April 25, 1942 – October 7, 1967) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from its earliest days in...
    17 KB (2,287 words) - 15:18, 20 December 2023
  • Thumbnail for Ruby Bridges
    Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American civil rights activist. She was the first African American child to attend formerly whites-only...
    27 KB (2,877 words) - 06:03, 16 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
    the organization unresolved. In May 1966 Forman was replaced by Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson, who was determined "to keep the SNCC together." But Forman recalls...
    103 KB (12,611 words) - 19:00, 11 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Freedom Riders
    Shuttlesworth Carol Ruth Silver Helen Singleton George Bundy Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Peter Sterling Daniel N. Stern Hank Thomas Joan Trumpauer Mulholland...
    120 KB (10,553 words) - 21:50, 22 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Doris (given name)
    Catherine Ives Doris Smith-Ribner (born 1945), American former judge Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson (1942–1967), American civil rights activist Doris Soffel (born...
    35 KB (4,324 words) - 23:16, 11 February 2024
  • Thumbnail for Stokely Carmichael
    Joseph's biography, Stokely: A Life, says that Black Power activist Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, the first to call him as "Stokely Starmichael," gave him the...
    82 KB (9,944 words) - 16:04, 22 March 2024
  • with Ruby Lomax during their Southern States Recording Trip and recorded the song again. This song and others were sung by a black woman, Doris McMurray...
    14 KB (1,675 words) - 20:07, 14 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Elijah Muhammad
    Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas...
    38 KB (4,332 words) - 22:45, 27 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Sermon on the Mount
    Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas...
    24 KB (2,804 words) - 21:52, 27 November 2023
  • Thumbnail for Harry Belafonte
    between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, notable Black athlete Jackie Robinson advocated his support for the Nixon campaign. His reasoning for doing so...
    101 KB (9,516 words) - 21:26, 23 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Rosa Parks
    Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. Nixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, an Alabama...
    131 KB (13,100 words) - 18:17, 23 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for I Have a Dream
    texts. For years, he had spoken about dreams, quoted from Samuel Francis Smith's popular patriotic hymn "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)", and referred...
    54 KB (5,537 words) - 02:44, 25 January 2024
  • Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. Lee, whose novel had a profound effect on civil rights, never commented on why she wrote about Robinson. Literature...
    143 KB (17,491 words) - 21:58, 26 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Fred Shuttlesworth
    Freddie Lee Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011) was an American civil rights activist who led the fight against...
    30 KB (3,342 words) - 10:47, 24 February 2024
  • blacks for the first time. In May 1966 Forman was replaced by Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson, who was determined "to keep the SNCC together." But Forman recalls...
    37 KB (4,796 words) - 02:33, 15 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Bayard Rustin
    Detroit and the Rise of the UAW. Browder, Earl (1941). "The Communist" (PDF). Smith, Eric Ledell (2010). "Bayard Rustin". Encyclopedia of African American History...
    94 KB (10,445 words) - 11:57, 5 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
    Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas...
    62 KB (6,807 words) - 21:00, 9 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Malcolm X
    gravediggers' shovels to complete the burial themselves. Actor and activist Ruby Dee and Juanita Poitier (wife of Sidney Poitier) established the Committee...
    170 KB (18,390 words) - 18:57, 24 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Satyagraha
    Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas...
    25 KB (3,560 words) - 12:53, 18 January 2024
  • Thumbnail for James Farmer
    Committee of Racial Equality in Chicago along with George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. It was later...
    28 KB (3,451 words) - 01:37, 27 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Thurgood Marshall
    numerous landmark Supreme Court cases involving civil rights, including Smith v. Allwright, Morgan v. Virginia, Shelley v. Kraemer, McLaurin v. Oklahoma...
    75 KB (8,012 words) - 00:21, 22 March 2024
  • southern states, the primaries were the only competitive contests. In 1944 in Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court ruled against the white primary. Although...
    85 KB (9,043 words) - 18:17, 28 March 2024
  • Shirley Phelps prior to her marriage. Activist Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson was known as Ruby Doris Smith prior to her marriage. Although less common than...
    51 KB (6,046 words) - 13:56, 17 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Lyndon B. Johnson
    Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas...
    189 KB (21,339 words) - 23:31, 27 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Civil rights movement
    David Richmond Paul Robeson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jackie Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Bayard Rustin Michael Schwerner Cleveland...
    295 KB (34,003 words) - 18:03, 27 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for John Lewis
    United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. Lewis and other students became dedicated to the discipline and philosophy...
    197 KB (16,084 words) - 06:13, 24 March 2024
  • Thumbnail for Letter from Birmingham Jail
    New History with Amity Shlaes". Hoover Institution. Interviewed by Peter Robinson. Retrieved March 2, 2022. King 1964, pp. 65–66. King 1964, p. 65. King...
    28 KB (3,287 words) - 23:15, 25 January 2024
  • Thumbnail for Little Rock Nine
    Time. September 23, 1957. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013.. Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. p. 723....
    41 KB (4,792 words) - 13:08, 9 February 2024
  • Young Giovanni Ribisi as Lee C. White Lorraine Toussaint as Amelia Boynton Robinson Stephan James as John Lewis Wendell Pierce as Hosea Williams Common as...
    71 KB (6,112 words) - 19:47, 24 March 2024
  • segregation in private schools whereas Brown only applies to public schools Ruby Bridges, the first black child to attend an all-white elementary school in...
    97 KB (11,110 words) - 17:17, 21 March 2024