Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which...

Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition in which the blood and tissue have a lower than normal level of vitamin...

where not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. Those affected often have a gradual onset. The most common initial symptoms...

contain sulfur and B12 contains cobalt. Dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamins are referred...

folates) Vitamin B12 (cobalamins) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and ascorbates) Vitamin D (calciferols) Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin K (phylloquinones...

Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB12) is a cobalamin, a form of vitamin B12. It differs from cyanocobalamin in that the cyano group at the cobalt...

The total synthesis of the complex biomolecule vitamin B12 was accomplished in two different approaches by the collaborating research groups of Robert...

for patients with vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. The purpose of the test was to determine how well a patient is able to absorb B12 from their intestinal...

do not have vitamin B12 deficiency may have elevated levels of methylmalonic acid detected). MMA is elevated in 90–98% of patients with B12 deficiency...

Vitamin fortification programs exist in one or more countries for folate, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D...

Spirulina contains no vitamin B12 naturally, and spirulina supplements are not considered to be a reliable source of vitamin B12, as they contain predominantly...

acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12. Researchers agree that those on a vegan diet should take a vitamin B12 dietary supplement. The American...

vitamin B12 deficiency. Symptoms are treated with high doses of vitamin B12, but recovery can be slow and incomplete. People with normal vitamin B12 levels...

are concerns that large amounts of supplemental folic acid can hide vitamin B12 deficiency. Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency...

coast. Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin. In the view of the Academy...

as vitamin B12a and hydroxycobalamin, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency...

cells (in rodents) of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the distal ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric...

1971). "[205] Preparation of the reduced forms of vitamin B12 and of some analogs of the vitamin B12 coenzyme containing a cobalt-carbon bond". In McCormick...

Zhang D (April 2021). "Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review...

increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as reduced intake of vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, omega-3 or protein. Some fruitarians will eat only...

(B12), and biotin. B vitamins are not synthesized in the body, and thus need to be obtained from food. B-complex vitamins are water-soluble vitamins,...

methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Vitamin B12 is also needed for the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Mutations leading to defects in vitamin B12 metabolism...

British company Unilever. Marmite is a vegan source of B vitamins, including supplemental vitamin B12. A traditional method of use is to spread it very thinly...

of decreased production include iron deficiency, folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, thalassemia and a number of bone marrow tumors. Causes of...

childhood, and adolescence. However, vegetarian diets deficient in vitamin B12 or calories may compromise children's health and development. The UK...

B-complex vitamins and contains trace amounts of several other vitamins and minerals. Sometimes nutritional yeast is fortified with vitamin B12, another...

Serum vitamin B12 is a medical laboratory test that measure vitamin B12 only in the blood binding to both transcobalamins. Most of the time, 80–94% of...

deficiency very rare. Copper deficiency can manifest in parallel with vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies. The most common cause of copper deficiency...

some difficulties. For vitamin B12, depending on the presence or absence of eggs and dairy products in the diet or other reliable B12 sources, vegetarians...

cell DNA synthesis is most often due to hypovitaminosis, specifically vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency. Loss of micronutrients may also be a...