3C 336

3C 336
The quasar 3C 336.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationHercules
Right ascension16h 24m 39.094s
Declination+23° 45′ 12.255″
Redshift0.927154
Heliocentric radial velocity277,954 km/s
Distance7.222 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)17.47
Characteristics
TypeOpt.var. RLQ, Sy 1.2
Other designations
4C+23.43, PKS B1622+238, LEDA 2817683, OS +328, DA 410, NRAO 0501, TXS 1622+238, CoNFIG 248, SDSS J162439.08+234512.1

3C 336 is a powerful Fanaroff-Riley type 2 quasar[1] located in the constellation of Hercules. It has a redshift of (z) 0.927[2][3] and was discovered in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources survey in 1962,[4] with its radio source identified with a quasi-stellar object by 1965.[5]

Description

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3C 336 is classified as a steep radio spectrum radio-loud quasar, located at the center of a rich galaxy cluster.[6][7] The spectrum of this quasar displays six metal absorption lines located at various redshifts ranging from (z) 0.472, 0.797 and 0.891 and are identified with absorbing galaxies including an early-type spiral galaxy and a faint complex galaxy.[8][9] A dampen Lyman-alpha absorber was identified towards the quasar with an H I column density of 2 x 1020 cm-2 located at (z) 0.656.[8]

The radio structure of 3C 336 is complicated, classified as a double source that shows every component having a size less than 7 x 4 arcseconds and has no signs of interplanetary scintillations.[10] A total intensity image shows the source is asymmetric with an extent of 28 milliarcseconds and has two radio lobes. A jet made up of a string of bright knots, is found heading southwest, where it links with a much compact component to an elongated and recessed feature located in its southern lobe. Although no counterjet is seen in 3C 336, there is a conspicuous knot on the path of its jet axis. This knot in turn, is then followed by hook of radio emission, curving in the direction of a bright extended part of the ridge located on the eastern side of the northern lobe.[11][12][13] Towards the nucleus containing a core component measuring 12 Jansky in position angle of 200°, there is a clearly-resolved low-surface brightness extension.[14][13]

High resolution observations made with Very Large Array and MERLIN of 3C 336, would find the radio emission originating from its lobes is extending backwards into its radio core and jet region.[15] A compact hotspot feature is found in the southern part of the quasar's radio lobe. Based on observations, the flux density of the hotspot at both 1.53 and 4.89 GHz is 0.097 ± 0.015 and 0.045 ± 0.007 respectively, with an optical spectrum of 1.5 ± 1.0.[16] When showed on 0.35 arcsecond resolution, the hotspot is further broken into two compact components which one is aligned with both jet and core, while the other is in an offset position.[15]

3C 336 shows an emission-line region. When observed with both Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based imaging, the region is described asymmetric with a low-surface brightness structure northwest perpendicular to the radio axis, but later data suggests the emission is mainly restricted in the south region with a measured flux of 1.8 ± 0.5 x 10-16 erg cm-2 s-1.[13][17] Optical emission is found mainly extending 5 arcseconds north and by 3 arcseconds south from the quasar, with a detected velocity shear of 600 kilometers per seconds across the emission.[18]

The star-formation in the host galaxy of 3C 336 is estimated to be 83.4+20.8-27.8 based on a far-infrared fit parameter obtained in a sample of 3CR sources via Herschel Space Observatory. The total infrared luminosity is 4.8+1.2-1.6 x 1011 Lʘ and it has a supermassive black hole mass of 54.2+38.0-23.5 x 107 Mʘ.[19]

References

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  1. ^ Vaddi, S; Kharb, P; Daly, R A; O’Dea, C P; Baum, S A; Deo, D K; Barbusca, T C; Murali, Chintak (2018-12-27). "A VLA–GMRT look at 11 powerful FR II quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (1): 385–408. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3494. ISSN 0035-8711.
  2. ^ Mackay, C. D. (1969-07-01). "Observations of the Structure of Radio Source in the 3C Catalogue--II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 145 (1): 31–65. doi:10.1093/mnras/145.1.31. ISSN 0035-8711.
  3. ^ "NED search results for 3C 336". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
  4. ^ Bennett, A. S. (1962). "The revised 3C catalogue of radio sources". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 163. Bibcode:1962MmRAS..68..163B.
  5. ^ Sandage, Allan; Véron, Philippe; Wyndham, John D. (October 1965). "Optical Identification of New Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources". The Astrophysical Journal. 142: 1307–1311. Bibcode:1965ApJ...142.1307S. doi:10.1086/148415. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Aldcroft, Thomas L.; Bechtold, Jill; Elvis, Martin (July 1994). "MG II Absorption in a Sample of 56 Steep-Spectrum Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 93: 1. Bibcode:1994ApJS...93....1A. doi:10.1086/192044. ISSN 0067-0049.
  7. ^ Hintzen, Paul; Romanishin, W.; Valdes, Francisco (January 1991). "Galaxies Clustering around QSOs with Z = 0.9--1.5 and the Origin of Blue Field Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 366: 7. Bibcode:1991ApJ...366....7H. doi:10.1086/169534. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ a b Steidel, Charles C.; Dickinson, Mark; Meyer, David M.; Adelberger, Kurt L.; Sembach, Kenneth R. (1997-05-10). "Quasar Absorbing Galaxies at z≲ 1: Deep Imaging and Spectroscopy in the Field of 3C 336". The Astrophysical Journal. 480 (2): 568–588. arXiv:astro-ph/9610230. Bibcode:1997ApJ...480..568S. doi:10.1086/303994. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Steidel, Charles C.; Dickinson, Mark (July 1992). "The Unusual Field of the Quasar 3C 336: Identification of Three Foreground MG II Absorbing Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 394: 81. Bibcode:1992ApJ...394...81S. doi:10.1086/171560. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ^ Mitton, S. (1970). "Maps of six extragalactic radio sources at 5 GHz". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 149 (2): 101–109. doi:10.1093/mnras/149.2.101. ISSN 0035-8711.
  11. ^ Fernini, Ilias (July 2007). "8.4 GHz High-Resolution Observations of Fanaroff-Riley II 3CR Radio Sources with 0.3<z<2.0. II. Ten New Images". The Astronomical Journal. 134 (1): 158–168. Bibcode:2007AJ....134..158F. doi:10.1086/518216. ISSN 0004-6256.
  12. ^ Bridle, Alan H.; Hough, David H.; Lonsdale, Colin J.; Burns, Jack O.; Laing, Robert A. (September 1994). "Deep VLA Imaging of Twelve Extended 3CR Quasars". The Astronomical Journal. 108: 766. Bibcode:1994AJ....108..766B. doi:10.1086/117112. ISSN 0004-6256.
  13. ^ a b c Ridgway, Susan E.; Stockton, Alan (August 1997). "Deep WFPC2 and Ground-Based Imaging of a Complete Sample of 3C Quasars and Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 114: 511–543. arXiv:astro-ph/9705181. Bibcode:1997AJ....114..511R. doi:10.1086/118490. ISSN 0004-6256.
  14. ^ Hough, D. H.; Vermeulen, R. C.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Cross, L. L.; Barth, E. L.; Yu, L. H.; Beyer, P. J.; Phifer, E. M. (March 2002). "Parsec-Scale Radio Structure and Broad Optical Emission Lines in a Complete Sample of 3CR Lobe-dominated Quasars". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (3): 1258–1287. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.1258H. doi:10.1086/338847. ISSN 0004-6256.
  15. ^ a b Mullin, L. M.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Riley, J. M. (October 2006). "High-resolution observations of radio sources with 0.6 < z <= 1.0". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 372 (1): 113–135. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372..113M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10763.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ^ Cheung, C. C.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Chen, T. (2005-03-29), "Discovery of Optical Emission in the Hot Spots of Three 3CR Quasars: High-Energy Particle Acceleration in Powerful Radio Hot Spots", The Astrophysical Journal, 628 (1): 104–112, arXiv:astro-ph/0503634, Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..104C, doi:10.1086/430634, arXiv:astro-ph/0503634
  17. ^ Christensen, L.; Jahnke, K.; Wisotzki, L.; Sánchez, S. F.; Exter, K.; Roth, M. M. (2006-06-01). "A jet-cloud interaction in the 3C 196 environment" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 452 (3): 869–874. arXiv:astro-ph/0603591. Bibcode:2006A&A...452..869C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054578. ISSN 0004-6361.
  18. ^ Bremer, M. N.; Crawford, C. S.; Fabian, A. C.; Johnstone, R. M. (1992-02-15). "Extended optical emission around radio-loud quasars at z ~ 1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 254 (4): 614–626. doi:10.1093/mnras/254.4.614. ISSN 0035-8711.
  19. ^ Westhues, Christian; Haas, Martin; Barthel, Peter; Wilkes, Belinda J.; Willner, S. P.; Kuraszkiewicz, Joanna; Podigachoski, Pece; Leipski, Christian; Meisenheimer, Klaus; Siebenmorgen, Ralf; Chini, Rolf (May 2016). "Star Formation in 3CR Radio Galaxies and Quasars at z < 1". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (5): 120. arXiv:1602.07443. Bibcode:2016AJ....151..120W. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/5/120. ISSN 0004-6256.
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