Antisemitism in Australia

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Antisemitism in Australia is the manifestation of hostility, prejudice or discrimination against the Australian Jewish people or Judaism as a religious, ethnic or racial group. This form of racism has affected Jews since Australia's Jewish community was established in the 18th century. There are a number of organisations that track antisemitic activities, including the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, that publish an annual list of all reported antisemitic activities.[1][2][3] Antisemitism in Australia is perpetrated by a variety of group,[4] and it has manifested in the publication of antisemitic publications, in efforts to prevent Jewish immigration, and in attacks on Australian Jews and their communal institutions.

Overview[edit]

Before World War II[edit]

According to Sol Encel, anti-Jewish prejudice in Australia dates back to the first arrival of British convicts, eight of whom were Jews.[5] Nonetheless, the colonial period was marked by the absence of institutionalised antisemitism found in Europe. Jews in Australia were never formally barred from entering the professions, sciences, academia, and arts. Despite being British subjects, Jews were permitted to run for political office in Australian parliaments even before it was legal for Jews to do so in the United Kingdom.[6] In the case of the Solomon family, whose members arrived in the early 19th century and helped form a mercantile network composed of Jewish and non-Jewish members, correspondences concerning their entrepreneurial efforts contain occasional complaints over antisemitism they experienced in Australia.[7]

Suzanne Rutland argues that not until the 1880s, antisemitism started to become prevalent in the country alongside the rise of Australian nationalism and the campaign to establish the Federation of Australia. Trade unions, politicians and the media were hostile to the small number of Russian Jewish arrivals in the country.[8] In 1917 the Labor Party politician, Frank Anstey published a pamphlet, The Kingdom of Shylock, which caused critics to accuse him of antisemitism.[8] During the wave of Jewish immigration in 1938-39, Frank Clarke, president of the Victorian Legislative Council, offered graphic depictions of refugees as "rat-faced men".[9]

World War Two and postwar period[edit]

The second wave of Jewish refugees arrived between 1938 and 1939 and again endured an antisemitic Australian press and anti-Jewish statements by politicians.[8] Pressure groups such as the Australian Natives' Association and Returned and Services League of Australia spearheaded resolutions against Jewish immigration.[8] Nevertheless, the state of Australian antisemitism did not rise to the levels that were taking place in Europe at this time.[10] Nevertheless, there were reports of antisemitic attacks on Jews stemming from local Nazi sympathisers.[11] After the war, The Bulletin published antisemitic cartoons, pushing against Jewish immigration.[8] Arthur Calwell, the minister of immigration adopted measures to ensure that Jews would not constitute more than 0.5% of the country's population.[8][12] Calwell also halted all immigration of Jews of Middle Eastern origin.[13] There was a 25% cap on Jewish passengers travelling on Australia-bound ships and planes.[8][14] In the late 1940s, Australian antisemitism continued to involve a strong focus on the prevention of Jewish immigration.[15]

From 1960, Eric Butler's far-right and antisemitic Australian League of Rights, became a national movement.[16] The organisation promoted The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other antisemitic libels.[8] The League assisted Holocaust denier David Irving with his visits to Australia. And Veritas, the League's publishing company, published Irving's work in Australia.[17][18] There were also strong antisemitic sentiments from some non-Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe that had settled in Australia.[8] They established Australian branches of the fascist, antisemitic movements such as the Ustaše from Croatia and the Hungarian Arrow Cross.[8]

Following the Six-Day War, some far-left activists pushed an anti-Israel agenda.[8] They were influenced by anti-Zionist propaganda from the Soviet Union. This sometimes impacted on Australian university campuses. In the 1970s, the Australian Union of Students was under Trotskyist and Maoist influences and even proposed anti-Israel resolutions.[8] Jewish students that opposed these resolutions were physically attacked.[8] Attacks on Jewish property and institutions increased with tensions in the Middle East, with corresponding increases in security precautions. In 1975, ASIO documents revealed that Palestinian terrorists planned to kill high-profile Jewish figures including the Israeli ambassador Michael Elizur [he] and Jewish communal leader Isi Leibler and journalist Sam Lipski. Former prime minister Bob Hawke, who was deemed a vocal supporter of Israel, was also considered for attack.[19] In his 1989 review of early history of antisemitism in Australia (colonial period through the immediate postwar period), Sol Encel, observed that aside from its impact on immigration policy, antisemitism in Australia in this period can be viewed as a relatively minor social problem.[5]

1980s–1990s[edit]

Public plaque commemorating the Hakoah Club in Bondi
1991 Sydney Synagogue Attacks

In 1982, the Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings occurred. In this event, an explosive device was detonated inside a vehicle parked outside of a Jewish centre in Bondi, NSW. Initial police investigations led to the arrest of a 31-year-old man who was charged in relation to the Hakoah Club explosion. The case went before the court, however, charges were later withdrawn by the NSW Attorney General.[5][20][21][22][23] Other threats against Jewish community institutions stemming from Arab terrorist groups arose in the late 1980s.[5]

In 1988, a speech by Taj El-Din Hilaly, a prominent Muslim cleric, at the University of Sydney was treated by the Australian Jewish community as a significant attack against Jews. In a lecture to a group of Muslim students at the university, Hilaly made statements that aligned with major antisemitic tropes concerning Jews. Despite the subsequent critical coverage of the incident, Hilaly refused to apologise or retract his comments.[24][25][6][26] The following year, the Executive Council of Australian Jewry began tracking antisemitic incidents across the country.[27]

Significant attacks on synagogues occurred during the 1990s. These include a 1991 arson attack on the North Shore Temple Emanuel in North Sydney.[28][29] That same year an arson attack targeted the Bankstown Synagogue in Western Sydney which resulted in the total destruction of the synagogue building.[30][29] The Bankstown Jewish community had been active since the first decades of the 20th century and had first established a synagogue in 1914.[31] The site was redeveloped and serves as a Uniting Church Aged Care facility.[32] Three other synagogues in Sydney were also targeted that year.[28] In 1993, on the anniversary of Kristallnacht, the Newtown synagogue, Sydney's second oldest synagogue, was subjected to an arson attack.[33] In 1995, an arson attack took place on the Adass Israel synagogue in Glen Eira (in South East Melbourne).[34] Other incidents include a 1990 attack where petrol bombs were thrown at a synagogue in Melbourne.[35] And attacks on synagogues and Jewish schools occurred through the 1990s and continued during the 2000s.[36]

Attacks on Australian synagogues (1991)
Year State Local area Synagogue Date Incident
1991 New South Wales North Sydney North Shore Temple Emanuel 28 January 1991[28] Arson
1991 New South Wales Eastern Sydney Sephardi Synagogue 26 February 1991[28] Arson
1991 New South Wales Western Sydney Bankstown Memorial Synagogue 5 March 1991[28] Arson
1991 New South Wales North Sydney North Shore Synagogue 12 March 1991[28] Arson (averted)
1991 New South Wales South East Sydney Illawarra Synagogue 28 March 1991[28] Arson

2000s–2020s[edit]

The sale and distribution of antisemitic literature is one area of concern for the Australian Jewish community. In 2000, the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) found that Fredrick Töben had engaged in unlawful conduct in contravention of the Racial Discrimination Act (1975) in publishing material that was racially vilificatory of Jewish people on the Adelaide Institute website. Töben was ordered to remove the contents of the Adelaide Institute website from the internet and not to re-publish the content of that website in public elsewhere. He was also ordered to make a statement of apology.[37] In the following years, Töben was unsuccessful in his efforts to appeal the ruling. In 2009, after Töben's website continued to house antisemitic material, Töben was sentenced to prison for three months for contempt of court.[38][39] In 2011, during an open day event at the Lakemba Mosque, a visitor reportedly discovered that copies of the antisemitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion were available for sale at the mosque.[40][41][39] The same year, reports were made of extensive antisemitic literature being housed by the Australian League of Rights.[39]

Attacks on Jews also appeared linked to conflicts overseas, such as the 2014 Israel-Gaza war. Incidents included various acts of violence and harassment of Jews on the street, at universities, the use of newspaper cartoons relying on Jewish stereotypes, and the use of anti-Israel discourse to intimidate Jews.[42]

A notable case of antisemitism directed at Jewish students involves the allegations raised by Jewish students at Brighton Secondary College. Jewish students alleged that they faced extensive antisemitic bullying and harassment and that the school administration was notified on multiple occasions but took no action.[43][44][45] Victorian MPs David Southwick and James Newbury advocated for an investigation into the school's response. Subsequently, former students filed a lawsuit against the school and alleged that the school principal, Richard Minack, had referred to Jews using derogatory language,[46] and had spoke positively about his father who served in the German army in World War Two.[47]

Politics[edit]

Antisemitism in Australian politics is said to arise in the form of left-wing antisemitism are alleged against Australian Greens who have been accused of fostering antisemitism. However, the charge against the Greens appears to hinge upon the assessment of these events in light of competing definitions of antisemitism.

Attacks on synagogues (2000-2020s)[edit]

Between 2000 and 2023 (prior to 7 October, see below), synagogues across Australia were targeted in acts of vandalism. Attacks have occurred in 2000 (Sydney, Canberra),[48][49] 2001 (Canberra),[50] 2002 (Melbourne, Sydney),[51] 2004 (Perth),[52][53][54] 2005 (Melbourne, Newcastle),[55] 2006 (Sydney)[55][56] 2008 (Melbourne, Sydney),[57][58] 2010 (Perth),[59] 2011 (Brisbane),[60] 2016 (Sydney)[61] 2018 (Canberra),[62] 2022 (Melbourne),[63] and 2023 (Maitland).[64]

Other incidents involving anti-Jewish prejudice and synagogues have come to public attention. In one case, in 2017, the likelihood of attacks on Australian synagogues led a NSW council to block the construction of a new synagogue over security concerns.[65] In one instance, a public menorah, a large religious display placed in public, organised by a Melbourne synagogue was vandalised in December 2022.[66][67][68]

The aftermath of the October 7 attacks[edit]

See also: Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war

Since the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, antisemitic attacks and other incidents surged in Australia.[69][70][71] Incidents centred in Sydney and Melbourne as well as other regions such as the Sunshine Coast and Perth. Included in this round of antisemitic incidents were death threats to prominent Australian Jews, bomb threats to synagogues, and vandalism of Jewish owned shops.[69] In November 2023, hundreds of prominent Australians signed a letter condemning the rise in antisemitism. The signatories included Daniel Andrews, Gladys Berejiklian, Lindsay Fox and Anthony Pratt.[72]

In one notable incident, on October 9, a pro-Palestinian rally in Sydney organized by Palestine Action Group took place in front of the Sydney Opera House with rally members chanting anti-Jewish statements. The event led to widespread criticism of the rally.[73] This rally was widely covered with special attention to the alleged use of the chant "Gas the Jews".[74][75] Months later, a police review concluded that it was not possible to verify the chant, positing the possibility that the phrase being chanted was "where's the Jews". At the same time, the police acknowledged that there was evidence of other chants used at the rally that were deemed offensive and socially unacceptable.[76][77]

On October 10, several individuals in Melbourne made death threats against Jews, one group harassing a rabbi and his son, and another asking where to find Jews, saying they were "hunting for Jews".[74] On October 11, a man in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales threatened to kill four Jewish teenagers in a car with an Israeli flag draped on it. He was later arrested and charged.[74]

In another notable incident, a New South Wales Member of Parliament was condemned for her use of antisemitic language. At a Palestine Justice Movement forum in late-2023, Jenny Leong, Greens Member for the Electorate of Newtown in the NSW Legislative Assembly, launched the accusation that “the Jewish lobby and the Zionist lobby are infiltrating into every single aspect of what is ethnic community groups ... they rock up and they’re part of the campaign and offer support for things like the campaign against the 18C racial discrimination laws, they offer solidarity, they rock up to every community event and meeting to offer that connection because their tentacles reach into the areas that try and influence power. We need to call that out and expose it."[78] After condemnation of the remarks, Leong apologised for her statements.[79] Australian Jewish press and community leaders described the incident as exposing Leong's use of a 'vile antisemitic slur' and criticised her attempt to minimise the incident.[80][81][82] The pejorative term is reported to be historically associated with Nazi propaganda.[83] Leong's comments were condemned by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.[80] Jewish community members subsequently protested in front of Leong's office, with some protesters dressed as inflatable squids.[84][85]

In November 2023, a Jewish school in Sydney was allegedly denied services from a local jumping castle business with the business owner boasting of their response on social media. The incident prompted Chris Minns, Premier of New South Wales, to condemn the business owner's actions. NSW Police conducted an inquiry although no action was taken.[86][87][88][89]

In February 2024, a group of anti-Zionist activists shared a leaked transcript of a private Whatsapp group of over 600 people called 'J.E.W.I.S.H creatives and academics', doxing[90] hundreds of Jewish people working in academia and creative industries by leaking their names, images, professions and social media accounts. The leakers referred to it as a "leaked zionist group chat"[91] and described the leak as an act of pro-Palestinian activism, stating the information had been leaked from the WhatsApp group by pro-Palestinian anti-Zionist Jews.[92] The leakers referred to the list as the ‘Zio600’, with Professor David Slucki noting that the term ‘Zio’ is an ethnic slur for Jews that was popularised by American white supremacist David Duke.[93] The group involved in the doxing included the writer Clementine Ford.[94][95] Leaders of Australia's Jewish community condemned the incident, including Alex Ryvchin, the co-CEO for the peak body for Australian Jews, the Executive Council of Australian Jewry,[96] the NSW Jewish Board of Deputies[97] and MP Josh Burns, who stated members of the leaked group had faced death threats, including a five-year old child[98] and one family had been forced into hiding.[99] Several Jewish Australians whose details had been included in the leak reported on the personal and professional toll the leak had taken on them, including being forced to close their businesses[100] and saw the leak as part of growing antisemitic intimidation that had previously been absent in Australia.[101][102] The Albanese government was strongly critical of the publication of the list, and shortly thereafter announced new laws to combat doxxing, the malicious release of personal information.[103]

Response[edit]

Condemnations by Australian Prime Ministers[edit]

In January 1960, Prime Minister Robert Menzies condemned recent manifestations of antisemitism in the country: "I think that I should now say that there is absolutely no room in Australia for anti-Semitism..."[104][105] In 1995, Prime Minister Paul Keating condemned an incident where dozens of Jewish graves in Adelaide were vandalised.[106][107][108] In a 2013 speech delivered by Malcolm Turnbull on an attack on a Jewish family in Sydney, described the importance of condemning antisemitism in Australia.[109] In 2023, following the attacks conducted by Hamas on October 7, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and the majority of the Australian Parliament passed a motion concerning hate speech targeting Jews and others in Australia in the aftermath of the attack.[110] Shortly thereafter, six out of seven of Australia's living former prime ministers (John Howard, Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard, Tony Abbott, Malcolm Turnbull, Scott Morrison) signed a statement against the rise of antisemitism in Australia in the wake of the attack and the threat to national cohesion, stating that "the there is no more tenaciously evil race hatred than antisemitism".[111][112]

Jewish organisational efforts[edit]

In 1942, the Jewish Council to Combat Fascism and Anti-Semitism (JCCFAS), a Melbourne-based group, was founded to combat antisemitism and fascism. The group operated until 1970.[113] Another Jewish group based in Melbourne, known as Research Services, was formed in 1960 and operated until the 1970s. The group involved itself in gathering information on antisemitic activities in Australia. The groups members included Jewish ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen.[114] Since then, other Australian Jewish organisations have responded to antisemitism including the Executive Council of Australian Jewry (ECAJ) which produces annual incident reporting of antisemitism in Australia (starting from 1989),[27] and the Anti-Defamation Commission (ADC) which was originally formed by B'nai B'rith. Other organisations approach the issue through educational programming such as Courage to Care (C2C) which focuses on upstander behaviour, and Moving Forward Together (MFT) which focuses on promoting harmony through multicultural activities.

Community experiences of and attitudes toward antisemitism have been reported on in community studies produced in partnership with Monash University's Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation. Findings from a 2017 study include reporting that direct or personal experience of antisemitic insults and harassment over the last 12 months was experienced or witnessed by roughly one in ten respondents, with higher rates for Hasidic and Haredi Jews.[115]: 67–71 

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  101. ^ Koval, Ramona (13 February 2024). "I'm Jewish. I'm a creative. I was doxxed. How could this happen in Australia?". The Age.
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  108. ^ Rutland, S. (2006). Negotiating Religious Dialogue: A Response to the Recent Increase in Anti-Semitism in Australia. Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, 17-30.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Creese, Jennifer. "“We’re alone in this together”: the anthropology of fear and Jewish attitudes to antisemitism." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies (2022): 1-21; focus on Australia
  • Jones, Jeremy. "Confronting reality: anti-Semitism in Australia today." Jewish Political Studies Review (2004): 89-103.
  • Levy, Richard S., ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005) vol 1 pp 45–48.
  • Rutland, Suzanne D. "Antisemitism in Australia." The Routledge History of Antisemitism (Routledge 77-85). ISBN 9781138369443
  • Gross, Zehavit, and Suzanne D. Rutland. "Combatting antisemitism in the school playground: An Australian case study." Patterns of Prejudice 48, no. 3 (2014): 309-330.
  • Gouttman, Rodney. "Was it ever so?: Anti-semitism in Australia 1860-1950?." Humanities Research 12, no. 1 (2005): 55-65.
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