Aomori Prefecture

Aomori Prefecture
青森県
Japanese transcription(s)
 • Japanese青森県
 • RōmajiAomori-ken
Mount Iwaki and apple blossom
Furofushi Onsen
Flag of Aomori Prefecture
Official logo of Aomori Prefecture
Anthem: Aomori-ken sanka
Location of Aomori Prefecture
Coordinates: 40°49′29″N 140°44′26″E / 40.82472°N 140.74056°E / 40.82472; 140.74056
CountryJapan
RegionTōhoku
IslandHonshu
Establishment as part of Mutsu ProvinceAround 1094
Established as part of Rikuō Province7 December 1868
Establishment of Aomori Prefecture4 September 1871
CapitalAomori
Subdivisions
Government
 • GovernorSōichirō Miyashita (since 29 June 2023)
Area
 • Total9,645.64 km2 (3,724.20 sq mi)
 • Rank8th
Highest elevation1,624.7 m (5,330 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Pacific Ocean)
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (1 July 2023)
 • Total1,188,043
 • Rank31st
 • Density120/km2 (320/sq mi)
 • Dialects
NanbuTsugaruShimokita
DemonymAomorian
GDP
 • TotalJP¥ 4,533 billion
US$ 41.6 billion (2019)
ISO 3166 codeJP-02
Longitude139°30′ E to 141°41′ E
Latitude40°12′ N to 41°33′ N[2]
Websitewww.pref.aomori.lg.jp
Symbols of Aomori Prefecture
AnthemHymn of Aomori Prefecture (青森県賛歌, Aomori-ken sanka)
SongMessage of the Blue Forest (青い森のメッセージ, Aoimori no messēji)
BirdBewick's swan (Cygnus bewickii)
FishJapanese halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus)
FlowerApple blossom (Malus domestica)
TreeHiba (Thujopsis dolabrata)

Aomori Prefecture (青森県, Aomori-ken) ([a̠o̞mo̞ɾʲikẽ̞ɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan in the Tōhoku region.[3] The prefecture's capital, largest city, and namesake is the city of Aomori. Aomori is the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island, Honshu, and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, Iwate Prefecture to the southeast, Akita Prefecture to the southwest, the Sea of Japan to the west, and Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait to the north. Aomori Prefecture is the 8th-largest prefecture, with an area of 9,645.64 km2 (3,724.20 sq mi), and the 31st-most populous prefecture, with more than 1.18 million people. Approximately 45 percent of Aomori Prefecture's residents live in its two core cities, Aomori and Hachinohe, which lie on coastal plains. The majority of the prefecture is covered in forested mountain ranges, with population centers occupying valleys and plains. Aomori is the third-most populous prefecture in the Tōhoku region, after Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. Mount Iwaki, an active stratovolcano, is the prefecture's highest point, at almost 1,624.7 m (5,330 ft).

Humans have inhabited the prefecture for at least 15,000 years, and the oldest evidence of pottery in Japan was discovered at the Jōmon period Odai Yamamoto I site. After centuries of rule by the Nanbu and Tsugaru clans, the prefecture was formed out of the northern part of Mutsu Province during the Meiji Restoration. Though the prefecture remains dominated by primary sector industries, it also serves as a transportation hub due to its location at the northern end of Honshu.

History[edit]

Jōmon period[edit]

Potsherds from the Odai Yamamoto I site

The oldest evidence of pottery in Japan was found at the Odai Yamamoto I site in the town of Sotogahama in the northwestern part of the prefecture. The relics found there suggest that the Jōmon period began about 15,000 years ago.[4] By 7,000 BCE, fishing cultures had developed along the shores of the prefecture which were three meters higher than the present day shoreline.[5] Around 3,900 BCE, the settlement at the Sannai-Maruyama Site in the present-day city of Aomori began.[6] The settlement shows evidence of the wide interaction between the site's inhabitants and people from across Jōmon period Japan, including Hokkaido and Kyushu.[4] The settlement of Sannai-Maruyama ended around 2300 BCE due to unknown reasons. Its abandonment was likely due to the population's subsistence economy being unable to result in sustained growth, with its end being spurred on by the reduced amount of natural resources during the neoglaciation.[7] The Jōmon period continued up to 300 BCE in present-day Aomori Prefecture at the Kamegaoka site in the city of Tsugaru where the Shakōkidogū was found.[4]

Yayoi period to Heian period[edit]

During the Yayoi period, the area that would become Aomori Prefecture was impacted by the migration of settlers from continental Asia to a lesser extent than the rest of Japan to the south and west of the region. The region, known then as Michinoku, was inhabited by the Emishi. It is not clear if the Emishi were the descendants of the Jōmon people, a group of the Ainu people, or if both the Ainu and Emishi were descended from the Jōmon people. The northernmost tribe of the Emishi that inhabited what would become Aomori Prefecture was known as the Tsugaru.[8] Historic records mention a series of destructive eruptions in 917 from the volcano at Lake Towada. The eruptive activity peaked on 17 August.[9] Throughout the Heian period the Emishi were slowly subdued by the Imperial Court in Kyoto before being incorporated into Mutsu Province by the Northern Fujiwara around 1094.[10] The Northern Fujiwara set up the port settlement Tosaminato in present-day Goshogawara to develop trade between their lands, Kyoto, and continental Asia.[11] The Northern Fujiwara were deposed in 1189 by Minamoto no Yoritomo who would go on to establish the Kamakura shogunate.[12]

Kamakura period[edit]

Minamoto no Yoritomo incorporated Mutsu Province into the holdings of the Kamakura shogunate.[13] Nanbu Mitsuyuki was awarded vast estates in Nukanobu District after he had joined Minamoto no Yoritomo at the Battle of Ishibashiyama and the conquest of the Northern Fujiwara. Nanbu Mitsuyuki built Shōjujidate Castle in what is now Nanbu, Aomori.[14] The eastern area of the current prefecture was dominated by horse ranches, and the Nanbu grew powerful and wealthy on the supply of warhorses. These horse ranches were fortified stockades, numbered one through nine (Ichinohe through Kunohe), and were awarded to the six sons of Nanbu Mitsuyuki, forming the six main branches of the Nanbu clan.[15][16] The northwestern part of the prefecture was awarded to the Andō clan for their role in driving the Northern Fujiwara out of Tosaminato. The port was expanded under the rule of the Andō clan. They traded heavily with the Ainu in Ezo. However, conflict would break out between the Ainu and the Andō clan in 1268 and again in the 1320s. The conflict was put down after the Nanbu intervened at the behest of the shogunate. The conflict weakened the Kamakura shogunate in its later years, while the Andō were split into northern (Andō) and southern (Akita) divisions.[17]

Muromachi period[edit]

The remains of Horikoshi Castle

At the onset of the Ashikaga shogunate, the Nanbu and Andō continued to rule the area, with the Nanbu controlling the current prefecture's southeastern section and the Andō controlling the Shimokita and Tsugaru peninsulas. The Andō also were involved with controlling the fringes of Ezo, splitting their attention. In 1336, the Andō completed construction of Horikoshi Castle during the Northern and Southern Courts period.[18] During the Muromachi, the Nanbu slowly began edging the Andō out of present-day Aomori Prefecture. The Andō were pushed out of Tosaminato in 1432, retreating to Ezo, giving the Nanbu control over all their lands. The port settlement would fall into disrepair under the Nanbu.[11]

Sengoku period[edit]

During the Sengoku period, the Nanbu clan collapsed into several rival factions. One faction under Ōura Tamenobu asserted their control over the Hirosaki Domain. His clan, originally the Ōura clan (大浦氏, Ōura-shi), was of uncertain origins. According to later Tsugaru clan records, the clan was descended from the noble Fujiwara clan and had an accent claim to ownership of the Tsugaru region on the Tsugaru Peninsula and the area surrounding Mount Iwaki in the northwestern corner of Mutsu Province; however, according to the records of their rivals, the Nanbu clan, clan progenitor Ōura Tamenobu was born as either Nanbu Tamenobu or Kuji Tamenobu, from a minor branch house of the Nanbu and was driven from the clan due to discord with his elder brother.[19] In any event, the Ōura were hereditary vice-district magistrate (郡代補佐, gundai hosa) under the Nanbu clan's local magistrate Ishikawa Takanobu; however, in 1571, Tamenobu attacked and killed Ishikawa and began taking the Nanbu clan's castles in the Tsugaru region one after another.[20] He captured castles at Ishikawa, Daikoji and Aburakawa, and soon gathered support of many former Nanbu retainers in the region. After pledging fealty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he was confirmed as an independent warlord in 1590 and changed his name to "Tsugaru", formally establishing the Tsugaru clan. Tsugaru Tamenobu assisted Hideyoshi at the Battle of Odawara, and accompanied his retinue to Hizen during the Korean Expedition. Afterwards, he sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.[21]

Edo period[edit]

Hirosaki Castle, the Edo period seat of the Tsugaru clan.

After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the Nanbu ruled the Shimokita Peninsula and the districts immediately to the south of it. The area to the west of the Nanbu's holdings and to the north of the lands held by the Akita clan were all controlled by the Tsugaru clan, from their capital at Hirosaki. Work on Hirosaki Castle was completed in 1611, replacing Horikoshi Castle as the Tsugaru clan's fortress.[18] By 1631, the Tsugaru clan had solidified their control over their gains made during the Sengoku period.[22] Mutsu Province was struck by the Tenmei famine between 1781 and 1789, due to lower than usual temperatures that were exacerbated by volcanic eruptions at Mount Iwaki, near the Tsugaru clan's capital, Hirosaki, between November 1782 and June 1783.[23]

At the beginning of the Edo period, the last pockets of Ainu people in Honshu still lived in the mountainous areas on the peninsulas of the prefecture. They interacted with the ruling clans to some extent, but they primarily lived off of fishing the waters of Mutsu Bay and the Tsugaru Strait. However, the Tsugaru clan made two big pushes to assimilate the Ainu, the first came in 1756 and the second came in 1809. Records show that the clan was successful in wiping out the Ainu culture in their holdings, though some geographic names in Aomori Prefecture still retain their original Ainu names.[24]

Meiji Restoration to World War II[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1880475,413—    
1890545,026+1.38%
1903665,691+1.55%
1913764,485+1.39%
1920756,454−0.15%
1925812,977+1.45%
1930879,914+1.60%
1935967,129+1.91%
19401,000,509+0.68%
19451,083,250+1.60%
19501,282,867+3.44%
19551,382,523+1.51%
19601,426,606+0.63%
19651,416,591−0.14%
19701,427,520+0.15%
19751,468,646+0.57%
19801,523,907+0.74%
19851,524,448+0.01%
19901,482,873−0.55%
19951,481,663−0.02%
20001,475,728−0.08%
20051,436,657−0.54%
20101,373,339−0.90%
20151,308,649−0.96%
20201,237,984−1.10%
source:[25]

Despite the 1867 resignation of the last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the Boshin War had reached northern Japan by late 1868. On 20 September 1868 the pro-Shōgunate Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei was proclaimed at Morioka, the capital of the Nanbu clan who ruled Morioka Domain. The Tsugaru clan first sided with the pro-imperial forces of Satchō Alliance, and attacked nearby Shōnai Domain.[26][27] However, the Tsugaru soon switched course, and briefly became a member of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.[28] However, for reasons yet unclear, the Tsugaru backed out of the alliance and re-joined the imperial cause after a few months. The Nanbu and Tsugaru clans resumed their old rivalry and fought at the Battle of Noheji.[26]

As a result of the minor skirmish, the Tsugaru clan was able to prove its defection from the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei and loyalty to the imperial cause. Tsugaru forces later joined the imperial army in attacking the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate, where the pro-Shōgunate forces were finally defeated.[29] As a result, the entire clan was able to evade the punitive measures taken by the Meiji government on other northern domains.[30]

In 1868, Mutsu Province was broken up into five provinces in the aftermath of the Boshin War, with its namesake province, Rikuō occupying what would later become Aomori Prefecture and the northwestern corner of Iwate Prefecture.[31] On 4 September 1871, Rikuō Province was abolished and divided, establishing today's Aomori Prefecture. Its capital was briefly located in Hirosaki, but it was moved on 23 September to the centrally located port village, Aomori.[32]

The prefecture's new capital, Aomori, saw rapid expansion which was due to its importance as a logistic hub in northern Japan.[33] It became a town in 1889 and then a city in 1898. On 30 October 1889, an American merchant ship, the Cheseborough wrecked off the prefecture's west coast near the village Shariki, many of the ship's crew were saved by the villagers.[34] The Nippon Railway, a private company, completed the Tōhoku Main Line in 1891, linking Aomori to Ueno Station in Tokyo.[35] During a military exercise on 23 January 1902, 199 soldiers died after getting lost during a blizzard in the Hakkōda Mountains incident.[36] On 3 May 1910, a fire broke out in the Yasukata district. Fanned by strong winds, the fire quickly devastated the whole city. The conflagration claimed 26 lives and injured a further 160 residents. It destroyed 5,246 houses and burnt 19 storage sheds and 157 warehouses.[37]

On 23 March 1945, a mudslide destroyed a section of the town of Ajigasawa, killing 87 of its inhabitants.[38] At 10:30 p.m. on 28 July 1945, a squadron of American B-29 bombers bombed over 90% of the city of Aomori. The estimated civilian impact of the air raid on the city was the death of 1,767 people and the destruction of 18,045 homes.[39] Infrastructure was destroyed across the prefecture including the Seikan Ferry, naval facilities in Mutsu and Misawa, Hachinohe Airfield, and the ports and railways of Aomori and Hachinohe.[40]

1945 to present[edit]

During the Occupation of Japan, Aomori's military bases were controlled by the US military. Hachinohe Airfield was occupied until 1950, and was called Camp Haugen.[41] Misawa Air Base was occupied and rebuilt by the United States Army Air Forces; the base has seen a US military presence since then.[42] Radio Aomori made its first broadcast in 1953.[43] Four years later, the first fish auctions were held. 1958 saw the completion of the Municipal Fish Market as well as the opening of the Citizen's Hospital. In the same year, the Tsugaru Line established a rail connection with the village of Minmaya at the tip of the Tsugaru Peninsula.[44]

In March 1985, after 23 years of labor and a financial investment of 690 billion yen, the Seikan Tunnel finally linked the islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō, thereby becoming the longest tunnel of its kind in the world.[45] Almost exactly three years later, on March 13, railroad service was inaugurated on the Tsugaru Kaikyo Line. The tunnel's opening to rail traffic saw the end of the Seikan Ferry rail service. During their 80 years of service, the Seikan rail ferries sailed between Aomori and Hakodate some 720,000 times, carrying 160 million passengers. It continues to operate between the cities, ferrying automobile traffic and passengers rather than trains.[46]

Aomori Public College opened in April 1993. In April 1995, Aomori Airport began offering regular international air service to Seoul, South Korea, and Khabarovsk, Russia; however, the flights to Khabarovsk were discontinued in 2004.[47] In June 2007, four North Korean defectors reached Aomori Prefecture, after having been at sea for six days, marking the second known case ever where defectors have successfully reached Japan by boat.[48] In March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck the east coast of Japan. The southeastern coast of Aomori Prefecture was affected by the resulting tsunami. Buildings along harbors were damaged along with boats thrown about in the streets.[49]

Geography[edit]

Aomori Prefecture and the surrounding area as seen from space

Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture in the Tōhoku region, lying on the northern end of the island of Honshu. It faces Hokkaido from across the Tsugaru Strait and it borders Akita and Iwate in the south. The prefecture is flanked by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west with the Tsugaru Strait linking those bodies of water to the north of the prefecture. The islets of Kyūroku-jima in the Sea of Japan are the prefecture's westernmost point.[50] Oma, at the northwestern tip of the axe-shaped Shimokita Peninsula, is the northernmost point of Honshu. The Shimokita and Tsugaru Peninsulas enclose Mutsu Bay. Between those peninsulas lies the smaller Natsudomari Peninsula, the northern end of the Ōu Mountains. The three peninsulas are prominently visible in the prefecture's symbol, a stylized map.[51]

Lake Ogawara, a brackish lake at the base of the Shimokita Peninsula, is the eleventh largest lake in Japan, the largest brackish lake in the Tōhoku area, and the prefecture's largest lake.[52] Lake Towada, a lake that sits in a volcanic caldera, straddles Aomori's boundary with Akita. The lake is a primary feature of Towada-Hachimantai National Park and is the largest caldera lake in Honshu.[53] Also within the park, the Oirase River flows east towards the Pacific Ocean from Lake Towada. Another feature of the park, the Hakkōda Mountains, an expansive volcanic group, rises in the lands to the south of the city of Aomori and north of Lake Towada.[51]

Shirakami-Sanchi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located in the Shirakami Mountains in the western part of the prefecture. The site contains the largest surviving virgin beech forest in East Asia which is home to over 87 species of birds. Mount Iwaki, a stratovolcano and the prefecture's highest point lies to northeast of the Shirakami Mountains. The lands to the east and northeast of Mount Iwaki are an expansive floodplain that is drained by the Iwaki River. Hirosaki, the former capital of the Tsugaru clan, sits on the banks of the river.[51]

As of 31 March 2019, 12% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Towada-Hachimantai and Sanriku Fukkō National Parks; Shimokita Hantō and Tsugaru Quasi-National Parks; and Asamushi-Natsudomari, Ashino Chishōgun, Iwaki Kōgen, Kuroishi Onsenkyō, Nakuidake, Ōwani Ikarigaseki Onsenkyō, and Tsugaru Shirakami Prefectural Natural Parks; and Mount Bonju Prefectural Forest.[54][55]

Cities, towns, and villages[edit]

 
 
Largest cities in Aomori Prefecture
Source:[56]
Rank Pop.
Aomori
Aomori
Hachinohe
Hachinohe
1 Aomori 275,192 Hirosaki
Hirosaki
Towada
Towada
2 Hachinohe 223,415
3 Hirosaki 168,466
4 Towada 60,378
5 Mutsu 54,103
6 Goshogawara 51,415
7 Misawa 39,152
8 Kuroishi 31,946
9 Tsugaru 30,934
10 Hirakawa 30,567

Climate[edit]

The climate of Aomori Prefecture is relatively cool for the most part. It has four distinct seasons with an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F). Variations in climate exist between the eastern (Pacific Ocean side) and the western (Sea of Japan side) parts of the prefecture. This is in part due to the Ōu Mountains that run north to south in the middle of the prefecture, dividing the two regions. The western side is subject to heavy monsoons and little sunshine which results in heavy snowfall during the winter. The eastern side is subject to low clouds brought in by northeasterly winds during the summer months, known locally as Yamase winds, from June through August, with temperatures staying relatively low. However, there are instances of Yamase winds making summers so cold that food production is hindered. The lowest recorded temperature during the winter is −9.3 °C (15.3 °F), and the highest recorded temperature during the summer is 33.1 °C (91.6 °F).[51][57]

Temperature comparison[edit]

Monthly average highs and lows for various cities and towns in Aomori Prefecture in Fahrenheit and Celsius
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Aomori[58][59] 1.8 / −3.5
(35.2 / 25.7)
2.7 / −3.3
(36.9 / 26.1)
6.8 / −0.8
(44.2 / 30.6)
13.7 / 4.1
(56.7 / 39.4)
18.8 / 9.4
(65.8 / 48.9)
22.1 / 14.1
(71.8 / 57.4)
26.0 / 18.6
(78.8 / 65.5)
27.8 / 20.0
(82.0 / 68.0)
24.5 / 15.8
(76.1 / 60.4)
18.3 / 9.1
(64.9 / 48.4)
11.2 / 3.4
(52.2 / 38.1)
4.5 / −1.4
(40.1 / 29.5)
Hachinohe[60][61][62] 2.8 / −3.9
(37.0 / 25.0)
3.6 / −3.7
(38.5 / 25.3)
7.6 / −0.9
(45.7 / 30.4)
13.8 / 4.0
(56.8 / 39.2)
18.7 / 9.2
(65.7 / 48.6)
21.1 / 13.3
(70.0 / 55.9)
24.9 / 17.7
(76.8 / 63.9)
26.5 / 19.5
(79.7 / 67.1)
23.6 / 15.7
(74.5 / 60.3)
18.2 / 9.0
(64.8 / 48.2)
11.9 / 3.0
(53.4 / 37.4)
5.4 / −1.6
(41.7 / 29.1)
Mutsu[63][64][65] 1.8 / −4.9
(35.2 / 23.2)
2.4 / −4.9
(36.3 / 23.2)
6.3 / −2.0
(43.3 / 28.4)
12.7 / 2.8
(54.9 / 37.0)
17.8 / 7.8
(64.0 / 46.0)
20.8 / 12.2
(69.4 / 54.0)
24.1 / 16.9
(75.4 / 62.4)
25.8 / 18.4
(78.4 / 65.1)
23.2 / 14.2
(73.8 / 57.6)
17.6 / 7.2
(63.7 / 45.0)
10.9 / 2.1
(51.6 / 35.8)
4.4 / −2.5
(39.9 / 27.5)
Fukaura[66][67] 2.3 / −2.4
(36.1 / 27.7)
3.0 / −2.2
(37.4 / 28.0)
6.7 / 0.1
(44.1 / 32.2)
12.7 / 4.5
(54.9 / 40.1)
17.8 / 9.6
(64.0 / 49.3)
21.6 / 14.1
(70.9 / 57.4)
25.3 / 18.7
(77.5 / 65.7)
27.1 / 20.0
(80.8 / 68.0)
23.6 / 15.9
(74.5 / 60.6)
17.5 / 10.0
(63.5 / 50.0)
11.1 / 4.7
(52.0 / 40.5)
5.1 / −0.3
(41.2 / 31.5)
Ōma[68][69][70] 2.2 / −2.4
(36.0 / 27.7)
2.7 / −2.3
(36.9 / 27.9)
6.2 / 0.0
(43.2 / 32.0)
11.0 / 4.1
(51.8 / 39.4)
15.0 / 8.5
(59.0 / 47.3)
18.4 / 12.4
(65.1 / 54.3)
22.3 / 16.9
(72.1 / 62.4)
24.8 / 19.1
(76.6 / 66.4)
22.8 / 16.0
(73.0 / 60.8)
17.4 / 10.3
(63.3 / 50.5)
11.0 / 4.8
(51.8 / 40.6)
4.8 / −0.3
(40.6 / 31.5)
Sukayu Onsen[71][72] −5.1 / −10.0
(22.8 / 14.0)
−4.3 / −9.8
(24.3 / 14.4)
−0.2 / −6.8
(31.6 / 19.8)
6.4 / −0.8
(43.5 / 30.6)
13.1 / 5.1
(55.6 / 41.2)
17.6 / 9.8
(63.7 / 49.6)
21.1 / 14.6
(70.0 / 58.3)
21.9 / 15.3
(71.4 / 59.5)
17.7 / 10.7
(63.9 / 51.3)
11.4 / 4.2
(52.5 / 39.6)
4.5 / −2.0
(40.1 / 28.4)
−2.2 / −7.6
(28.0 / 18.3)

Demographics[edit]

Aomori prefecture population pyramid in 2020

A person living in or from Aomori Prefecture is referred to as an Aomorian.[73] As of 2017, the prefecture had a total population of 1.28 million residents, accounting for just over 1 percent of Japan's total population.[74] In 2018, Aomori Prefecture saw the second largest decrease in the number of Japanese citizens out of any prefecture in the country. Only neighboring Akita Prefecture lost more citizens than Aomori.[75]

In 2017, 23,529 people moved out of Aomori, while 17,454 people moved to the prefecture.[74] In 2018, about 590,000 of the prefecture's residents were men and 670,000 were women, 10.8 percent of the population was below the age of 15, 56.6 percent of residents were between the ages of 15 and 64, and 32.6 percent was above the age of 64. In the same year the prefecture had a density of 130.9 people per square kilometer. In 2015, about 3,425 foreign-born immigrants lived in Aomori, making up just 0.26 percent of the prefecture's population, the lowest of any prefecture.[76]

Economy[edit]

Apple orchards in the foothills of Mount Iwaki

Like much of the Tōhoku Region, Aomori Prefecture remains dominated by primary sector industries, such as farming, forestry and fishing. The prefecture's forestry industry is centered around the cultivation and harvesting of hiba, a cypress tree utilized in construction of wooden structures across the country.[77] In 2015, its economy had a GDP of 4,541.2 billion yen which made up about 0.83 percent of Japan's economy.[74] Aomori Prefecture generates the largest amount of wind energy out of the prefectures of Japan, with large wind farms located on the Shimokita Peninsula. The peninsula is also home to the inactive Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant that is owned by Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited, a company headquartered in the village of Rokkasho that is involved in the production of nuclear fuel, as well as the reprocessing, storage, and disposal of nuclear waste.[78] The city of Hachinohe is home to the Pacific Metals Company, a manufacturer of ferronickel products.[51]

Agriculture[edit]

Aomori Prefecture is a leading agricultural region in Japan. It is Japan's largest producer of apples, accounting for 59 percent of Japan's total apple production in 2018.[79] The cultivation of apples in the prefecture began in 1875 when the prefecture was given three varieties of western origin to grow. The apples are consumed within Japan and exported to the United States, China, Taiwan, and Thailand.[51] Aomori is also ranked highly in the nation's production of redcurrant, burdock, and garlic, accounting for 81, 37, and 66 percent, respectively, of the country's production.[79]

Aomori also boasts being the home to Hakkōda cattle, a rare, region-specific breed of Japanese Shorthorn.[80] The town of Gonohe has a long history as a breeding center for horses of exceptional quality, popular among the samurai. With the decline of the samurai, Gonohe's horses continued to be bred for their meat. The lean horse meat is coveted as a delicacy, especially when served in its raw form, known as Basashi (馬刺し). The Aomori coast along Mutsu Bay is a large source of scallops, but they are particularly a specialty of the town Hiranai where the calm water around Natsudomari Peninsula makes a good home for them.[81]

Tourism[edit]

The cascades of the Oirase River in the prefecture's Towada-Hachimantai National Park.[82]

Tourism has been a growing sector of Aomori Prefecture's economy. It was among the top five prefectures of Japan in terms of growth in foreign tourists between 2012 and 2017.[83] This influx of foreign tourists has led to the construction of more hotels in Aomori.[84] Major draws to the prefecture are its historic sites, museums, and national parks. Several of the prefecture's Jōmon period historic sites were nominated in January 2009 to become World Heritage Sites.[85] If approved, the archaeological sites would join Shirakami-Sanchi as the prefecture's second World Heritage Site. Tourist access to Shirakami-Sanchi is heavily restricted to tourists due to its delicate ecosystem, though several water features, trails, and roads can be accessed by its visitors.[86][87] About 35.2 million domestic travelers visited Aomori Prefecture in 2016, while about 95,000 foreign tourists visited in 2017.[74]

Military[edit]

Aomori Prefecture and the Tsugaru Strait are of strategic value to both Japan and the United States, as the strait serves as an access point for the United States Navy into the Sea of Japan where they can put pressure on Russia, China, and North Korea.[88] The prefecture also hosts Misawa Air Base, the only combined, joint U.S. service installation in the western Pacific servicing Army, Navy, and Air Force, as well as the Japan Self-Defense Forces.[89] The JSDF maintains bases across the prefecture including, JMSDF Ōminato Base, JMSDF Hachinohe Air Base,[90] and JGSDF Camp Aomori [ja].[91]

Culture[edit]

Traditional crafts[edit]

Tsugaru lacquerware (Tsugarunuri)

The Tsugaru region of Aomori Prefecture is the birthplace of the traditional Tsugaru-jamisen, a virtuosic style of playing shamisen that is deeply entwined with the region's identity and history. A notable player of the style was Takahashi Chikuzan, a blind musician from Hiranai who wandered around the country and eventually gained nationwide appeal.[92][93] Aomori Prefecture is also where the decorative embroidery styles, kogin-zashi and Nanbu hishizashi originated as more utilitarian techniques during the Edo period. The peasant women of the area, who created the styles, used them to make linen clothing more robust and warm during the harsh winters since cotton was unavailable to the lower class.[94][95] Wooden horse figures called Yawata-uma have been made in the former holdings of the Nanbu for 700 years.[96]

Cuisine[edit]

Ke porridge

The Aomori area has given rise to several soups: ke porridge which consists of miso soup with diced root vegetables and wild plants such as butterbur and bracken with tofu from the Tsugaru area; ichigoni, a sea urchin roe and abalone soup in which the sea urchin roe looks like strawberries, known as ichigo in Japanese, from the town of Hashikami; hittsumi a roux with chicken and vegetables from the Nanbu area; Hachinohe senbei soup a hearty soup with Nanbu senbei loaded with vegetables and chicken; jappa-jiru a vegetable soup with cod roe from Aomori; and keiran a red bean dumpling soy sauce soup served during special occasions on the Shimokita Peninsula. Another dish that was created in the area surrounding Mutsu Bay is kaiya in the Tsugaru area or kayaki on the Shimokita Peninsula, it is a boiled miso and egg dish mixed with fish or scallop meat on a large scallop shell that serves as both the cookware and serveware.[97] In 2006, the production of aged black garlic began in Aomori Prefecture. The prefecture has since become the largest producer of the superfood in Japan.[98]

Festivals[edit]

Neputa in Goshogawara City

Aomori Prefecture boasts a variety of festivals year round offering a unique look into northern Japan, and hosts the Aomori Nebuta Matsuri, one of the Three Great Festivals of Tōhoku [ja].[99] During late April hanami festivals are held across the prefecture, with the most prominent of the festivals being located on the grounds of Hirosaki Castle.[100][101] Summer and autumn hold many distinct festivals with bright lights, floats, dancing and music.[102] Winter is centered on snow festivals where attendees can view ice sculptures and enjoy local cuisine inside an ice hut.[103]

Arts and literature[edit]

Aomori Prefecture has produced several writers and artists. Osamu Dazai, the writer of Japan's second most popular novel No Longer Human,[104] is one of the prefecture's best-known writers.[105] Shunsuke Kikuchi, a composer for series such as Dragon Ball and Doraemon, was born in the city of Hirosaki.[106] The creator of the supernatural manga series Shaman King, Hiroyuki Takei, is from the village of Yomogita in northwestern Aomori.[107] The comedian Daimaō Kosaka, known widely for his viral single "PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen)", was born in Aomori Prefecture.[108] Sōsaku-hanga artist Shikō Munakata was born in Aomori.[109] Much of his art was inspired by the prefecture's natural qualities and rural culture.[110]

Sports[edit]

The two largest cities of the prefecture, Aomori and Hachinohe, both host professional sports teams. Both cities have professional soccer clubs in the Japan Professional Football League: Aomori's ReinMeer Aomori and Hachinohe's Vanraure Hachinohe. Other professional sports teams in the two cities include the Aomori Wat's, a basketball team from Aomori in the B.League and the Tohoku Free Blades, an ice hockey team from Hachinohe that competes in the Asia League.[111][112]

Aomori Prefecture hosted the 2003 Asian Winter Games from 1 February to 8 February 2003.[113] Approximately 1,200 athletes from 29 Asian countries participated in the games. Five venues across the prefecture held 51 different events.[114] Aomori Prefecture is also slated to host the 80th National Sports Festival of Japan in 2025,[115] though it is likely the event will be postponed for a year due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[116] The prefecture has produced some professional athletes. Yoshisada Yonezuka from the town of Nakadomari was a martial arts instructor for USA Judo.[117] He coached the team in the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics.[118]

Major professional teams[edit]

Club Sport League Stadium and city
Aomori Wat's Basketball B.League (East Second Division) Maeda Arena, Aomori[119]
ReinMeer Aomori Association football Japan Football League (JFL) Maeda Arena, Aomori[120]
Tohoku Free Blades Ice hockey Asia League Ice Hockey Flat Arena, Hachinohe[121]
Vanraure Hachinohe Association football Japan Professional Football League (J3 League) Prifoods Stadium, Hachinohe[122]

Minor professional and amateur teams[edit]

Club Sport League Stadium and city
Blancdieu Hirosaki FC Association football Tohoku Soccer League (Division 1) Hirosaki Sports Park, Hirosaki[123]
Hachinohe Reds [ja] Ice hockey Japan Women's Ice Hockey League Tanabu Ice Hockey Arena, Hachinohe[124]
Hirosaki Areds [ja] Baseball Japan Amateur Baseball Association Hirosaki[125]
King Blizzard [ja] Baseball Japan Amateur Baseball Association Goshogawara[125]

Other teams[edit]

The Aomori Curling Club was a curling club of the Japan Curling Association from the city of Aomori that represented Japan in the 2006 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Olympics and several World Curling Championships. The club was disbanded in 2013.[126]

Transportation[edit]

The Aomori Bay Bridge and the Memorial Ship Hakkoda-Maru seen from Aomori Bay

Aomori Prefecture has 20,606.8 km (12,804.5 mi) of roads, highways, and streets, along with 227 km (141 mi) of expressways.[127][128] Four major expressways pass through the prefecture: the Tōhoku Expressway, which runs south–north through center of the prefecture; the incomplete Tsugaru Expressway, running east–west in the southwestern portion of the prefecture; the partially-complete Hachinohe-Kuji Expressway that travels south–north along the prefecture's eastern coast to Hachinohe; and the partially-complete Shimokita Expressway that travels south–north along Shimokita Peninsula from the town of Noheji to the city of Mutsu.[128]

Several auxiliary routes of the Tōhoku Expressway also serve the prefecture. The Aomori Expressway and Hachinohe Expressway, spur routes into the eastern part of the city Aomori and central Hachinohe. A spur of the Hachinohe Expressway continues northwest across the eastern side of the prefecture towards the prefecture's capital. It is made up of several named routes: the Momoishi Toll Road, the Daini-Michinoku Toll Road, the Kamikita Expressway, and the Michinoku Toll Road.[129] Several national highways pass through the prefecture. National routes 4, 7, and 45 are primary routes that link the prefectural capital to the capitals of other prefectures across Japan. Additional national routes in Aomori Prefecture include routes 101, 102, 102, 103, 104, 279, 280, 282, 338, 339, 340, 394, and 454. Two of the prefecture's national highways also continue north across the Tsugaru Strait to Hokkaido: National Route 279, which is carried to Hakodate by the Tsugaru Kaikyō Ferry; and National Route 280, which was previously carried by ferry to the town of Fukushima, Hokkaido, though the route is still signed from Fukushima to Hakodate.[130][131]

The E5 Series Shinkansen at Hachinohe Station on the high-speed Tōhoku Shinkansen line.

Railways have played an important role in Aomori Prefecture's transportation network and development since the Meiji period. Aomori Station, Shin-Aomori Station, Hachinohe Station, Hirosaki Station, and Shichinohe-Towada Station are major rail stations operating in Aomori Prefecture.[132] The East Japan Railway Company (JR East), operates several rail lines in the prefecture: the Tōhoku Shinkansen, the Tōhoku Main Line, the Ōu Main Line, the Ōminato Line, the Gonō Line, the Hachinohe Line, and the Tsugaru Line. Other notable rail operators in the prefecture are the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), that runs the Hokkaido Shinkansen through the Seikan Tunnel to and from Hokkaido, the Aoimori Railway that operates passenger services on the Tōhoku Main Line,[129] and the northernmost privately owned railway in Japan, the Tsugaru Railway.[133]

Maritime transport in Aomori Prefecture operates primarily from the ports of Aomori, Mutsuogawara, and Hachinohe, though smaller ports are found throughout the prefecture.[134] The ports at Aomori and Hachinohe both serve cruise ships[135] and ferry lines. Additionally, a ferry line operates between Ōma and Hakodate.[136] Prior to the opening of the Seikan Tunnel, rail ferries operated by the Japanese National Railways linked Aomori Station and Hakodate Station as the primary connection between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan. A museum dedicated to the historic rail ferries operates near Aomori Station in a former rail ferryboat, the Hakkoda Maru.[137]

There are two commercial airports located within Aomori Prefecture, Aomori Airport and Misawa Airport.[138] Both airports are relatively small, though Aomori Airport offers regular international flights to South Korea and Taiwan, seasonal flights to China, and chartered flights to Thailand, in addition to domestic flights to several cities.[139]

Education[edit]

Aomori Prefecture's national university is Hirosaki University, which was formed by the combination of several colleges and higher education schools in 1949 in accordance with the National School Establishment Law of 1949.[140] The prefecture has two other public universities, Aomori Public University and the Aomori University of Health and Welfare. Several private universities are also located in Aomori Prefecture. Among them are Aomori University, Hachinohe Gakuin University, Hachinohe Institute of Technology, Hirosaki Gakuin University, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Tohoku Women's College, and the Towada Campus of Kitasato University.[141]

The Aomori Prefecture Board of Education oversees various aspects of the prefecture's educational system including the management of libraries, the Aomori Prefectural Museum, and various educational support offices and centers. In all the prefecture allocated 130.3 billion yen towards education in 2018. In 2017 the prefecture's public school system was teaching 133,507 primary and secondary students, a sharp decrease from a total of 173,537 students ten years earlier. Overall the prefecture has 94 kindergartens (1 of which is a national school and 3 that are public), 289 elementary schools (1 of which is a national school and 288 that are run by municipal governments), 161 middle schools (1 of which is a national school, another which is run by the prefecture, 4 that are private, and 155 that are run by municipal governments), and 95 high schools.[142]

Symbols and names[edit]

During the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search conducted in Flagstaff, Arizona for main-belt asteroids that have a risk of coming close to Earth,[143] observers discovered 19701 Aomori, an asteroid which they named after Aomori Prefecture. 19701 Aomori was given its name on 9 May 2012 after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami to pay respect towards the damaged communities along the prefecture's southeastern coast.[144]

Prefectural symbols[edit]

Since 1961, the prefectural symbol of Aomori is a green stylized map of the prefecture on a white background, showing the crown of Honshū: the Tsugaru, Natsudomari and Shimokita Peninsulas. The green is representative of development while the white symbolizes the vastness of the world.[145]

The prefectural bird has been Bewick's swan since 1964, the species migrates to the area during the winter. In 1966, the prefecture designated the hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) as its prefectural tree. The apple blossom was designated as the prefectural flower in 1971 to pay homage to the prefecture's apple production. In 1987, the Japanese halibut was designated as the prefectural fish.[145]

Dialects[edit]

Tōhoku dialect, one of the three main dialects of Japan, is spoken in Aomori Prefecture. The most widespread variants are the Tsugaru dialect, Nanbu dialect, and Shimokita dialect. The boundary determining which of these dialects are spoken is mainly along the former border of the Tsugaru and Nanbu clans between Hiranai and Noheji, with some overlap.[146] Speakers of the Tsugaru dialect are typically centered around Hirosaki, while those who use the Nanbu dialect are centered around Hachinohe.[147] The Shimokita dialect is used on the Shimokita Peninsula around Mutsu and has been recognized as having enough differences to distinguish it from the Nanbu dialect.[148] It was also used in combination with the Nanbu dialect in an early Japanese–Russian dictionary written by a man whose father came from the Shimokita Peninsula.[149]

The oldest discovered compilation of words and phrases of the Nanbu dialect was written in 1790 followed by a dictionary of the Tsugaru dialect in 1809.[150] Special features of the Aomori dialects include an atypical intonation,[151] voicing consonants that are typically unvoiced (e.g. [k] sounds become [g]),[152] and the addition of voiced velar nasal sounds and corresponding kana (か゚ [ŋa], き゚ [ŋi], く゚ [ŋu], け゚ [ŋe], and こ゚ [ŋo]).[153]

There is a negative connotation that surrounds people who speak this dialect, labeling them as lazy country folks. Due to this negativity speakers of Tōhoku dialects will often hide their accents.[154] A study performed in 2016 indicated that people from Aomori who are 70 years and older frequently use these dialects, while use becomes less frequent the younger a person is regardless of fluency.[155] Additionally, the study revealed that when traveling to Tokyo, older generations will continue to use their dialect, while younger generations switch to standard Japanese. On the other hand, over half of each generation surveyed preferred to use their local dialect when talking to Tokyoites in Aomori Prefecture.[156]

Media[edit]

The largest newspaper by readership in Aomori Prefecture is The Tōō Nippō Press with a daily readership of 245,000, 56% of the total share of the newspaper market in the prefecture.[157] The newspaper also runs a radio news station which is broadcast by the Aomori Broadcasting Corporation (RAB).[158] Other local newspapers are Hachinohe's The Daily Tōhoku Shimbun,[159] Hirosaki's Mutsu Shimpo,[160] and Kuroishi's Tsugaru Shinpō.[161]

Four television stations are broadcast in Aomori Prefecture. RAB is a television and radio broadcaster based in the capital that is affiliated with the Japan Radio Network, National Radio Network, and Nippon News Network. RAB uses the call signs JOGR-DTV for digital television broadcasts and JOGE, JOGO, and JOGR for radio broadcasts in Hirosaki, Hachinohe, and Aomori, respectively. Japan News Network's affiliate, Aomori Television began broadcasting with the call sign JOAI on 1 December 1969. Asahi Broadcasting Aomori. NHK broadcasts radio, television, and digital television from NHK Aomori with the call signs JOTC and JOTG. NHK radio services began on 17 April 1941, while television broadcasts commenced on 22 March 1959.[43]

Hani Motoko, a native of Hachinohe, is considered to be Japan's first female journalist. She became known for her column about famous Japanese women that began publication in 1897 in the Hōchi Shimbun. Motoko later started a journal, that focused on the values of middle-class women.[162]

Notable people from Aomori Prefecture[edit]

Osamu Dazai
Shikō Munakata

References[edit]

  1. ^ "2020年度国民経済計算(2015年基準・2008SNA) : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府". 内閣府ホームページ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  2. ^ "場所・気候" [Place and climate] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefefcture Government. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  3. ^ Prefecture, Aomori. "Aomori Prefecture, Japan". www.britannica.com. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Historic Site, Odai-Yamamoto Site" (PDF). Jomon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku. 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Choshichiyachi Shell Midden". Jomon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  6. ^ Junko Habu (September 2008). "Growth and decline in complex hunter-gatherer societies: a case study from the Jomon period Sannai Maruyama site, Japan" (PDF). Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  7. ^ Junko Habu; Mark Hall (1 December 2013). Climate Change, Human Impacts on the Landscape, and Subsistence Specialization: Historical Ecology and Changes in Jomon Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 9780813042428. Retrieved 30 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Kazuro Hanihara (1990). "Emishi, Ezo and Ainu: An Anthropological Perspective". Japan Review (1): 35–48. JSTOR 25790886.
  9. ^ "十和田" [Towada] (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  10. ^ Mark J. Hudson (1999). "Ainu Ethnogenesis and the Northern Fujiwara". Arctic Anthropology. 36 (1/2): 73–83. JSTOR 40316506.
  11. ^ a b "十三湊遺跡" [Ruins of Tosaminato]. The Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  12. ^ "History of Hiraizumi". Hiraizumi, Pure Land's World. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  13. ^ Minamoto, Yoritomo (1868). "Yoritomo captures Takadate Castle in conquest of Mutsu Province". www.artic.edu. Utagawa Kuniteru II. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  14. ^ "聖寿寺館跡" [Shōjojidate ruins]. Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  15. ^ "伝説・地名" [Legends and place names] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  16. ^ "第2次五戸町総合振興計画" [Second Gonohe Town Promotion Plan] (PDF). Gonohe Town Promotion Plan (in Japanese). Gonohe Town. November 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  17. ^ "陸奥・福島城(青森県・十三湊)の見どころと安藤氏の乱" [Mutsu and Fukushima Castle (Aomori Prefecture, Tosaminato) highlights and the Andō Rebellion] (in Japanese). 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  18. ^ a b "津軽氏城跡" [Tsugaru Castle ruins]. Hirosaki City (in Japanese). 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  19. ^ Ravina, Mark (1999). Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan. Stanford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0804728984.
  20. ^ (in Japanese) "Tokugawa Bakufu to Tozama 117 han." Rekishi Dokuhon. April 1976 (Tokyo: n.p., 1976), p. 71.
  21. ^ Edwin McClellan (1985). Woman in the Crested Kimono (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 164.
  22. ^ "弘前公園の歴史" [History of Hirosaki Park]. Hirosaki Park (in Japanese). 3 April 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  23. ^ "「命を救った食べ物~飢饉の歴史と生きるための食物~」" [Food that saves life, the history of food production during famines] (in Japanese). Iwate Prefecture Government. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  24. ^ "アイヌ語と津軽半島" [Ainu language and the Tsugaru Peninsula] (in Japanese). 24 November 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  25. ^ "Statistics Bureau Home Page". www.stat.go.jp.
  26. ^ a b McClellan, p. 175.
  27. ^ Mark Ravina (1999), Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan (California: Stanford University Press), pp. 152–153.
  28. ^ Onodera, p. 140.
  29. ^ Koyasu, Buke kazoku meiyoden vol. 1, p. 6.
  30. ^ Ravina, p. 153.
  31. ^ "地名「三陸地方」の起源に関する地理学的ならびに社会学的問題" [Geographical and sociological issues concerning the origin of the place name "Sanriku region"] (PDF) (in Japanese). 30 June 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  32. ^ "青森県史の質問箱03" [Aomori Prefecture History Question Box 03]. Aomori Prefecture Government (in Japanese). 27 August 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  33. ^ "年表で見る青森県の歴史" [Timeline of Aomori Prefecture]. Aomori Prefecture Government (in Japanese). 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  34. ^ "WRECKED OFF THE JAPAN COAST. NINETEEN OF THE CREW OF AN AMERICAN SHIP LOST". The New York Times. New York. 7 November 1889. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  35. ^ Free, Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-era Japan, Tuttle Publishing, 2008 (ISBN 4805310065)
  36. ^ Nitta, Jirō (September 2007). Death March on Mount Hakkōda. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1933330327.
  37. ^ Suzuki (1 April 2019). "明治43年5月3日に起きた青森大火" [The 3 May 1910 Great Fire of Aomori] (in Japanese). City of Aomori. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  38. ^ "赤石村雪泥流災害" [Akaishi Village snow mudflow disaster] (in Japanese). Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  39. ^ "青森空襲" [Aomori Air Raid] (in Japanese). 24 November 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  40. ^ "米戦艦機による空襲=115" [US battleship air raid 115]. Mutsu Shinpō (in Japanese). 8 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  41. ^ "U.S. ARMY IN JAPAN 1945~" (PDF). United States Army, Japan. June 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  42. ^ "Misawa Air Force Base in Misawa, Japan". Military Bases.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  43. ^ a b "青森県放送局情報" [Aomori Broadcasting Station Information] (in Japanese). 7 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  44. ^ Hiroshi Nakano (22 October 2018). "青森)津軽線が開業60年 臨時列車が運行" [Aomori- 60 years since the Tsugaru Line opened a special train operation]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  45. ^ "30 years on, world's longest undersea tunnel faces challenges as Japan balances bullet trains with freight". Japan Times. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  46. ^ W.A. Pearce. "Japanese Railway Ships". Japanese Railway Society. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  47. ^ "The Story of Aomori". City of Aomori. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  48. ^ "4 North Korean defectors reach Japan after 6 days on the open sea". Japan News Review. 3 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  49. ^ "The area is searched". Earthquake Memorial Museum. Tohoku Regional Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  50. ^ "場所・気候" [Place/climate] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  51. ^ a b c d e f Takaaki Nihei (2018). The Regional Geography of Japan. Sapporo: The Hokkaido University Press. pp. 13–19. ISBN 978-4-8329-0373-9.
  52. ^ "Lake Ogawara Brackish Water Clam". Information Website on Japan's Geographical Indications. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  53. ^ "Explore Towada-Hachimantai National Park". Japan National Tourism Organization. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  54. ^ 自然公園都道府県別面積総括 [General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  55. ^ 青森県内の自然公園 [Natural Parks in Aomori Prefecture] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  56. ^ "Aomori (Japan): Prefecture, Cities, Towns and Villages – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  57. ^ Takai, Hiroshi (2006). "Characteristics of the Yamase Winds over Oceans around Japan Observed by the Scatterometer-Derived Ocean Surface Vector Winds". Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 84 (2): 365–373. Bibcode:2006JMeSJ..84..365T. doi:10.2151/jmsj.84.365. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  58. ^ "Aomorishi Climate, Weather by Month, Average Temperature (Japan) - Weather Spark". Weatherspark. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  59. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  60. ^ "Hachinohe Climate, Weather by Month, Average Temperature (Japan)". Weather Spark. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  61. ^ "Monthly mean daily maximum temperature - Hachinohe". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  62. ^ "Extreme for Hachinohe" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  63. ^ "Mutsu Climate, Weather by Month, Average Temperature (Japan)". Weather Spark. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  64. ^ 観測史上1~10位の値(年間を通じての値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  65. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  66. ^ 観測史上1~10位の値(年間を通じての値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  67. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  68. ^ "Oma, Japan - Climate & Monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  69. ^ 観測史上1~10位の値(年間を通じての値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  70. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  71. ^ 観測史上1~10位の値(年間を通じての値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  72. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  73. ^ Gottlieb, Nanette (2012). Language in Public Spaces in Japan. London: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0415818391. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  74. ^ a b c d "Economic Overview of Tohoku Region" (PDF). Tohoku Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry. 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  75. ^ Jiji (10 July 2019). "Japan's population continues to slide even as foreign resident numbers increase". Japan Times. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  76. ^ "System of Social and Demographic Statistic". Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  77. ^ "「青森ヒバ」とは" [What is "Aomori hiba"?] (in Japanese). Tōhoku Regional Forest Office. December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  78. ^ "Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd - Company Profile". Bloomberg News. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  79. ^ a b "世界一と日本一" [The Best in the World and Japan] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  80. ^ Aomori City Homepage – The Story of Aomori. Retrieved 7 June 2007 Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  81. ^ 青森県平内町. "水産業 – 青森県平内町". town.hiranai.aomori.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  82. ^ "Towada-Hachimantai National Park". Japanese Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  83. ^ "Japan's tourism boom is spreading economic benefits to rural areas". Japan Times. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  84. ^ "Tourism boom spreads economic benefits to rural Japan". The Nikkei. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  85. ^ "Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions". UNESCO. 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  86. ^ "Shirakami-Sanchi". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  87. ^ "World Heritage Site, Shirakami Sanchi". Aomori Prefecture. 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  88. ^ "Japan left key straits open for U.S. nukes". Japan Times. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  89. ^ "Welcome to Naval Air Facility Misawa". US Navy. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  90. ^ "Japan Maritime Self Defence Force Nihon Kaijyo Jieitai". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  91. ^ "第9師団" [9th Division] (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  92. ^ Henry Johnson (2006). "Tsugaru Shamisen: From Region to Nation (and beyond) and Back Again". Asian Music. 37 (1). University of Texas Press: 75–100. doi:10.1353/amu.2006.0005. JSTOR 4098489. S2CID 162073739. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  93. ^ a b "Profile" (in Japanese). Takahashi Chikuzan Official Site. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  94. ^ "Kogin-zashi Embroidery". Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  95. ^ "Nanbu Hishizashi". Visit Hachinohe. 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  96. ^ "The Folk Crafts of Hachinohe". Visit Hachinohe. 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  97. ^ "青森県の文化(郷土料理)" [Culture of Aomori Prefecture (local cuisine)] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  98. ^ Jin-ichi Sasaki (2021). "What is Black Garlic?". Aomori Black Garlic Association. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  99. ^ "東北三大祭り中止/雌伏の時を経て来年こそ" [Cancellation of the Three Great Festivals of Tōhoku, next year's fate is undecided]. Kahoku Shimpō (in Japanese). 16 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  100. ^ "HANAMI (CHERRY BLOSSOM VIEWING)". JTB Corporation. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  101. ^ "Visit Hirosaki in Aomori Prefecture, one of the best spots for cherry blossoms in Japan". Japan National Tourism Organization. January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  102. ^ "Aomori's festivals make the short summer of northland more excited". APTINET AOMORI Prefectural Government. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  103. ^ "Winter Festival in Aomori, 2016". APTINET AOMORI Prefectural Government. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  104. ^ "太宰「人間失格」、人気漫画家の表紙にしたら売れて売れて" [Dazai's No Longer Human gets sold due to popular cartoon]. Yomiuri Shimbun. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  105. ^ a b Lyons, Phyllis I; Dazai, Osamu (1985). The saga of Dazai Osamu: a critical study with translations. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 8, 21. ISBN 0804711976. OCLC 11210872.
  106. ^ a b "作曲家・菊池俊輔さん、誤嚥性肺炎で死去 89歳 『ドラえもんのうた』『仮面ライダー』など手掛ける" [Composer Shunsuke Kikuchi died of pneumonia at the age of 89, he worked on "Doraemon no Uta" and "Kamen Rider"]. Yahoo! Japan News (in Japanese). 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  107. ^ "漫画シャーマンキング展、青森で8日から" [Shaman King manga exhibition to be held starting on the 8th]. The Tō-Ō Nippō Press (in Japanese). 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  108. ^ a b St. Michel, Patrick (4 November 2016). "'PPAP' goes the world: How Pikotaro became a viral smash". The Japan Times. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  109. ^ a b "Munakata Shiko's Career". Munakata Shiko Memorial Museum of Art. 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  110. ^ Whatley, Katherine (12 April 2018). "Layers of artistic heritage in Aomori Prefecture". The Japan Times. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  111. ^ "地元のスポーツチームを応援しよう!" [Let's support our local sports teams!] (in Japanese). City of Aomori. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  112. ^ "八戸スポーツ振興協議会" [Hachinohe Sports Promotion Council] (in Japanese). City of Hachinohe. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  113. ^ "History of Asian Games". Inside the Games. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  114. ^ "青森アジア競技大会2003" [2003 Aomori Asian Winter Games] (in Japanese). Japanese Olympic Committee. October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  115. ^ "第80回国民スポーツ大会" [80th National Sports Festival] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  116. ^ "青森国民スポーツ大会、1年延期か 県が了承方針" [Planned postponement of the Aomori National Sports Festival for one year pending prefectural approval]. Kahoku Shimpō (in Japanese). 4 September 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  117. ^ a b "スポーツ大国の群像" [Group of sports powerhouses] (in Japanese). Town of Nakadomari. 2000. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  118. ^ "Yoshida Yonezuka". The Star-Ledger. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  119. ^ "青森ワッツ、ホーム開幕節は連敗 B2リーグ" [Aomori Wat's loses consecutive home games in B2 League]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  120. ^ "クラブ案内" [Club information] (in Japanese). RainMeer Aomori. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  121. ^ "チーム概要" [Team overview] (in Japanese). Tohoku Free Blades. 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  122. ^ "ヴァンラーレ八戸" [Vanraure Hachinohe] (in Japanese). J.League. October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  123. ^ "クラブ概要" [Club overview] (in Japanese). Blancdieu Hirosaki FC. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  124. ^ "Hachinohe Reds homepage" (in Japanese). Hachinohe Reds. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  125. ^ a b "弘前アレッズが青森県社会人野球選抜と対戦-ネットを使った生中継も" [Hirosaki Areds to play against selection of Aomori baseball teams to be livestreamed] (in Japanese). Minkei Local News Network. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  126. ^ "チーム青森を応援していただいた皆様へを掲載" [To everyone who supported Team Aomori] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  127. ^ "都道府県別道路現況" [Current road conditions by prefecture] (XLS) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  128. ^ a b "高速道路ネットワーク整備計画" [Highway network development plan] (PDF) (in Japanese). Aomori Prefectural Government. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  129. ^ a b "青森県の主要幹線道路" [Main highways of Aomori Prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Aomori Prefectural Government. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  130. ^ "一般国道の路線別, 都道府県別道路現況" [Current status of national highways by route number and prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  131. ^ "大名が通る松前街道" [The daimyo passes along the Matsumae-kaidō] (in Japanese). The Mutsu Shimpō. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  132. ^ "Aomori". JR East. December 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  133. ^ "Tsugaru Railway". Goshogawara City. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  134. ^ "About the Aomori Port Office". Aomori Port Office. June 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  135. ^ "List of ports in Japan". Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  136. ^ "航路のご案内" [Route information]. Aomori Ferry Public Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  137. ^ Daniel Adams (10 December 2018). "Memorial Ship Hakkoda-Maru: A Vessel of Aomori's Past and Culture". Taiken Japan. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  138. ^ "Access to Airports and Main Station". Aomori Prefectural Government. 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  139. ^ "出発便:青森空港発" [Departures from Aomori Airport]. Aomori Airport (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  140. ^ "History". Hirosaki University. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  141. ^ "青森県の大学 偏差値 一覧" [List of universities and colleges in Aomori Prefecture with deviation values] (in Japanese). Art College Ranking List. 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  142. ^ "Education in Aomori Prefecture (2018)" (PDF). Aomori Prefecture Board of Education. 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  143. ^ "About LONEOS". LONEOS. 23 July 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  144. ^ "19701 Aomori (1999 SH19)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  145. ^ a b "シンボル" [Symbol] (in Japanese). 20 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  146. ^ Yuuki, Izumi; Masayasu, Oda (March 2016). "青森県における方言の地域産と世代差" [Regional and Generational Differences of Dialects in Aomori Prefecture]. Regional Views (in Japanese). 2016s (29). Tokyo: Komazawa University: 33. doi:10.14866/ajg.2016s.0_100068.
  147. ^ Tetsuo, Hirayama (2003). 青森県のことば [The Language of Aomori] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Meiji Shoin. p. 2. ISBN 4625623030.
  148. ^ Tetsuo 2003, p. 49
  149. ^ "天地人" [Heaven, Earth, and Man]. The Tō-Ō Nippō Press (in Japanese). 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  150. ^ Tetsuo 2003, p. 11
  151. ^ Tetsuo 2003, p. 20
  152. ^ Yuuki & Masayasu 2016, pp. 26–27
  153. ^ Tetsuo 2003, p. 14
  154. ^ "All You Need to Know About Japan's Weirdest Dialect, Tohoku-ben". Tofugu. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  155. ^ Yuuki & Masayasu 2016, pp. 26–28
  156. ^ Yuuki & Masayasu 2016, p. 29
  157. ^ "Company listing". The Tōō Nippō Press. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  158. ^ "Media" (in Japanese). Aomori Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  159. ^ "会社概要" [Company profile] (in Japanese). The Daily Tōhoku Shimbun. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  160. ^ "Information" (in Japanese). The Mutsu Shimpo. 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  161. ^ "会社概要" [Company profile] (in Japanese). Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  162. ^ a b B. Winston Kahn (1997). "Hani Motoko and the Education of Japanese Women". The Historian. 59 (2). Taylor & Francis: 391–401. JSTOR 24449975. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  163. ^ a b c "SUPERCAR 1995-2005" (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  164. ^ "「命阻むもの悪」花田ミキに学ぶ" [Lessons from Miki Hanada "The evil that prevents life"] (PDF). The Tō-Ō Nippō Press. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  165. ^ "十和田バラ焼 6 その旨さは北へ" [Towada grilled bara]. Marugoto Aomori. Aomori Prefectural Government. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  166. ^ "新田 八郎 Hachiro Nitta". JVC Music (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  167. ^ "「THE・脱獄」とある英国人と日本人の奇想天外!味噌汁の塩分で鉄を錆びらせ" ["The Prison Break" an English and Japanese curiosity! Rusting iron with miso soup] (in Japanese). BUSHOO!JAPAN. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  168. ^ Nishimura, Robert (December 6, 2011). "Three Reasons for Criterion Consideration: Shuji Terayama's Pastoral, To Die for the Country (1974)". IndieWire. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  169. ^ "プロゲーマー梅原氏に直撃インタビュー" [Interview with pro-gamer Umehara]. Famitsu (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

External links[edit]