Comparison of functional programming languages

The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name Pure Lazy evaluation Typing Abstract data types Algebraic data types Data is immutable Type classes Garbage collection First appeared
Common Lisp No[1] Partial, simulated with thunks[2] Dynamic[3] Yes[4] Partial, with extension[5] No[6] Not applicable Yes 1984
Scheme No[7] Yes[8] Dynamic[7] Yes[9] Partial, simulated with thunks[10] No[11] Not applicable Yes 1975
Racket No Yes, default in Lazy Racket[12] Dynamic by default, gradual with Typed Racket[13] Yes[14] Yes, with Algebraic Racket[15] Partial[16] No Yes 1995
Clojure No[17] Yes[18] Dynamic[19] Yes[20] Yes[21] Yes[22] Not applicable Yes 2007
Standard ML No[23] No[24][25] Static[26] Yes Yes Yes[27] No Yes 1983
OCaml No[28] Yes[28] Static[29] Yes[30] Yes[31] Yes[32] Partial, simulated with parametric modules[33] Yes 1996
F# No[34] Yes[35] Static[36] Yes[37] Yes[38] Yes[39] No Yes 2005
Haskell Yes[40] Default[41] Static[42] Yes[40] Yes[43] Yes[44] Yes[45] Yes 1990
Scala No[46] Yes[47] Static[46] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[49] Yes[50] Yes 2004
JavaScript No[51][unreliable source?] Partial, with extension[52] Dynamic[53] Partial, with extension[54] Partial, with extension[55] Partial[56][57] Not applicable Yes 1995
Clean Yes[58] Yes, with optional strictness annotations[59] Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic[60] Yes[59] Yes[59] Yes, except for unique types[59] Yes[59] Yes 1987
Miranda Yes[61] Default[62] Static[61] Yes[63] Yes[61] Yes No Yes 1986
SASL Yes[64] Yes Dynamic[65] Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1972
Elixir No Partial, with the Stream module[66] Dynamic Yes No Yes Not applicable Yes 2012
Erlang No No[67] Dynamic Yes[68] No Yes[69] Not applicable Yes 1986
Elm Yes No Static[70] ? Yes[71] Yes[70] No Yes 2012
Futhark Yes No Static[72] Yes Yes Yes[70] No Yes 2014
Python No[73] Partial, simulated with generators Dynamic[74] Yes[75] No Partial[76] Not applicable Yes 1991
Idris Yes[77] Yes[77] Static[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes 2007
Nix Yes No Static No Yes Yes No Yes 2003
Wolfram Language No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1988
Kotlin No Partial, lazy delegation[78] and Sequence[79] Static Yes No Yes No Yes 2011
Swift No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance. 2014
Julia No No[80] Dynamic[81] Yes[81] No Partial[81] Not applicable Yes 2012
PureScript Yes No Static Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2013
Rust No Partial, iterators are lazy,[82] external libraries exist[83] Static[84] Yes[85] Yes[86] Yes[87] Yes, through traits[85] No 2010
Bosque No No Static Yes Yes Yes Un­known Yes 2019
D Yes, multiple levels of opt-in[88][89] Yes, but not default[90] Static[91] ? Yes Yes[92] No Yes[93] 2001

References[edit]

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