Fine-tuning (deep learning)

In deep learning, fine-tuning is an approach to transfer learning in which the parameters of a pre-trained model are trained on new data.[1] Fine-tuning can be done on the entire neural network, or on only a subset of its layers, in which case the layers that are not being fine-tuned are "frozen" (not updated during the backpropagation step).[2] A model may also be augmented with "adapters" that consist of far fewer parameters than the original model, and fine-tuned in a parameter–efficient way by tuning the weights of the adapters and leaving the rest of the model's weights frozen.[3]

For some architectures, such as convolutional neural networks, it is common to keep the earlier layers (those closest to the input layer) frozen because they capture lower-level features, while later layers often discern high-level features that can be more related to the task that the model is trained on.[2][4]

Models that are pre-trained on large and general corpora are usually fine-tuned by reusing the model's parameters as a starting point and adding a task-specific layer trained from scratch.[5] Fine-tuning the full model is common as well and often yields better results, but it is more computationally expensive.[6]

Fine-tuning is typically accomplished with supervised learning, but there are also techniques to fine-tune a model using weak supervision.[7] Fine-tuning can be combined with a reinforcement learning from human feedback-based objective to produce language models like ChatGPT (a fine-tuned version of GPT-3) and Sparrow.[8][9]

Robustness[edit]

Fine-tuning can degrade a model's robustness to distribution shifts.[10][11] One mitigation is to linearly interpolate a fine-tuned model's weights with the weights of the original model, which can greatly increase out-of-distribution performance while largely retaining the in-distribution performance of the fine-tuned model.[12]

Variants[edit]

Low-rank adaptation[edit]

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is an adapter-based technique for efficiently fine-tuning models. The basic idea is to design a low-rank matrix that is then added to the original matrix.[13] An "adapter" in this context is a collection of low-rank matrices, which when added to a base model, produces a fine-tuned model. It allows for performance that approaches full-model fine-tuning with less space requirement. A language model with billions of parameters may be LoRA fine-tuned with only several millions of parameters.

LoRA-based fine-tuning has become popular in the Stable Diffusion community.[14] Support for LoRA was integrated into the Diffusers library from Hugging Face.[15] Support for LoRA and similar techniques is also available for a wide range of other models through Hugging Face's Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) package.[16]

Applications[edit]

Natural language processing[edit]

Fine-tuning is common in natural language processing (NLP), especially in the domain of language modeling. Large language models like OpenAI's series of GPT foundation models can be fine-tuned on data for specific downstream NLP tasks (tasks that use a pre-trained model) to improve performance over the unmodified pre-trained model.[6]

Commercial models[edit]

Commercially-offered large language models can sometimes be fine-tuned if the provider offers a fine-tuning API. As of June 19, 2023, language model fine-tuning APIs are offered by OpenAI and Microsoft Azure's Azure OpenAI Service for a subset of their models, as well as by Google Cloud Platform for some of their PaLM models, and by others.[17][18][19] Not all commercial models currently support fine-tuning.

Open-source models[edit]

Other companies such as Meta (Llama family), Alibaba (Qwen family) and Mixtral.AI (Mixtral) published open source models with different sizes on GitHub, which can be fine-tuned. This offers the advantage of true data security for companies, as they can control where the model is hosted.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Quinn, Joanne (2020). Dive into deep learning: tools for engagement. Thousand Oaks, California. p. 551. ISBN 978-1-5443-6137-6. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b "CS231n Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition". cs231n.github.io. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  3. ^ Liu, Haokun; Tam, Derek; Muqeeth, Mohammed; Mohta, Jay; Huang, Tenghao; Bansal, Mohit; Raffel, Colin A (2022). Koyejo, S.; Mohamed, S.; Agarwal, A.; Belgrave, D.; Cho, K.; Oh, A. (eds.). Few-Shot Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning is Better and Cheaper than In-Context Learning (PDF). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Vol. 35. Curran Associates, Inc. pp. 1950–1965.
  4. ^ Zeiler, Matthew D; Fergus, Rob (2013). "Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks". ECCV. arXiv:1311.2901.
  5. ^ Dodge, Jesse; Ilharco, Gabriel; Schwartz, Roy; Farhadi, Ali; Hajishirzi, Hannaneh; Smith, Noah (2020). "Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models: Weight Initializations, Data Orders, and Early Stopping". arXiv:2002.06305. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b Dingliwal, Saket; Shenoy, Ashish; Bodapati, Sravan; Gandhe, Ankur; Gadde, Ravi Teja; Kirchhoff, Katrin (2021). "Prompt Tuning GPT-2 language model for parameter-efficient domain adaptation of ASR systems". InterSpeech. arXiv:2112.08718.
  7. ^ Yu, Yue; Zuo, Simiao; Jiang, Haoming; Ren, Wendi; Zhao, Tuo; Zhang, Chao (2020). "Fine-Tuning Pre-trained Language Model with Weak Supervision: A Contrastive-Regularized Self-Training Approach". Association for Computational Linguistics. arXiv:2010.07835.
  8. ^ "Introducing ChatGPT". openai.com. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  9. ^ Glaese, Amelia; McAleese, Nat; Trębacz, Maja; Aslanides, John; Firoiu, Vlad; Ewalds, Timo; Rauh, Maribeth; Weidinger, Laura; Chadwick, Martin; Thacker, Phoebe; Campbell-Gillingham, Lucy; Uesato, Jonathan; Huang, Po-Sen; Comanescu, Ramona; Yang, Fan; See, Abigail; Dathathri, Sumanth; Greig, Rory; Chen, Charlie; Fritz, Doug; Elias, Jaume Sanchez; Green, Richard; Mokrá, Soňa; Fernando, Nicholas; Wu, Boxi; Foley, Rachel; Young, Susannah; Gabriel, Iason; Isaac, William; Mellor, John; Hassabis, Demis; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Hendricks, Lisa Anne; Irving, Geoffrey (2022). "Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements". arXiv:2209.14375. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Radford, Alec; Kim, Jong Wook; Hallacy, Chris; Ramesh, Aditya; Goh, Gabriel; Agarwal, Sandhini; Sastry, Girish; Askell, Amanda; Mishkin, Pamela; Clark, Jack; Krueger, Gretchen; Sutskever, Ilya (2021). "Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision". arXiv:2103.00020 [cs.CV].
  11. ^ Kumar, Ananya; Raghunathan, Aditi; Jones, Robbie; Ma, Tengyu; Liang, Percy (2022). "Fine-Tuning can Distort Pretrained Features and Underperform Out-of-Distribution". ICLR. arXiv:2202.10054.
  12. ^ Wortsman, Mitchell; Ilharco, Gabriel; Kim, Jong Wook; Li, Mike; Kornblith, Simon; Roelofs, Rebecca; Gontijo-Lopes, Raphael; Hajishirzi, Hannaneh; Farhadi, Ali; Namkoong, Hongseok; Schmidt, Ludwig (2022). "Robust fine-tuning of zero-shot models". arXiv:2109.01903 [cs.CV].
  13. ^ Hu, Edward J.; Shen, Yelong; Wallis, Phillip; Allen-Zhu, Zeyuan; Li, Yuanzhi; Wang, Shean; Wang, Lu; Chen, Weizhu (2022-01-28). "LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models". ICLR. arXiv:2106.09685.
  14. ^ Ryu, Simo (February 13, 2023). "Using Low-rank adaptation to quickly fine-tune diffusion models". GitHub. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  15. ^ Cuenca, Pedro; Paul, Sayak (January 26, 2023). "Using LoRA for Efficient Stable Diffusion Fine-Tuning". Hugging Face. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  16. ^ "Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning using 🤗 PEFT". huggingface.co. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  17. ^ "Fine-tuning". OpenAI. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  18. ^ "Learn how to customize a model for your application". Microsoft. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  19. ^ "Tune text foundation models". Retrieved 2023-06-19.
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