French
DeutschHawk Ridge, Duluth
| Hawk Ridge | |
|---|---|
 View from Hawk Ridge | |
| Nearest city | Duluth |
| Coordinates | 46°50′51″N 92°01′52″W / 46.84750°N 92.03111°W |
| Created | 1972 |
| Administrator | Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory |
Hawk Ridge is a nature reserve and bird observatory renowned for its autumnal raptor migrations.[1] The Audubon Society describes Hawk Ridge as "one of the premier sites in North America".[1] P. B. Hofslund, one of the first ornithologists to conduct research there, pronounced it "one of the great hawk flyways of the world".[2] Twenty-thousand birdwatchers visit Hawk Ridge each year to view the migration.[3] It is an important site for ornithological research.
History[edit]
The area was originally frequented by hunters. "Hawk hill", as it was known, was a favorite location for shooting birds of prey.[3] However, because the site was within the city limits of Duluth, the Duluth Bird Club (which later became the Duluth chapter of the Audubon Society) succeeded in having an ordinance enforced there prohibiting the discharge of firearms within city limits.[4]
Hofslund and the Duluth Bird Club helped to popularize the location as a site for bird watching. In 1972 the Duluth Audubon Society received a loan from the Nature Conservancy to purchase land at the location. The Duluth Audubon Society then donated the funds to the city of Duluth's parks and recreation department which purchased 135 acres at the highest part of the ridge. This land and an additional 200 acres became the Hawk Ridge Nature Reserve. Duluth Audubon and the city of Duluth created a nonprofit trust to manage the reserve, the Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory.[3]
Geography[edit]
Lake Superior is a natural barrier for migratory birds of prey coming south from Canada.[5] Rather than cross the lake, birds of prey follow the coast south. Between the bluffs of the Duluth Complex on one side and the coastline on the other, the raptors are funneled south until close to Duluth. Here, at Hawk Ridge, the concentration of migratory birds crosses the ridge and continue their migration.[6][2]
Ornithological research[edit]
The concentration of migratory raptors makes Hawk Ridge a valuable site for conducting ornithological research. Hofslund and the Duluth Bird Club began annual bird counts in 1951.[2] Banding started in 1972 and has taken place every year since.[7] From 1972 to 2009, researchers and volunteers banded 99,505 raptors; the most numerous raptors banded are sharp-shinned hawks and saw-whet owls.[7] According to ornithologists, the data provided from decades of counts and banding as well as the numbers of birds banded and the variety of species make Hawk Ridge an unrivaled location for the field study of raptors.[7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Hawk Ridge Nature Reserve IBA". Audubon. September 12, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
- ^ a b c Hofslund, P. B. (1966). "Hawk Migration over the Western Tip of Lake Superior". The Wilson Bulletin. 78 (1): 79–87. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4159453.
- ^ a b c Erickson, Laura & Bowen, Betsy (2012). Hawk Ridge: Minnesota's Birds of Prey. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816682096. OCLC 818115450.
- ^ "Mission & History: Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory". www.hawkridge.org. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ Peterson, Anna Christine (2013). The use of terrestrial and airspace habitat by migratory land birds during autumn migration along a coastal ecological barrier (Thesis) – via University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy.
- ^ Goethem, Larry van (October 14, 1984). "Outdoors; Southward Stream of Birds of Prey". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ a b c Evans, David L.; Niemi, Gerald J.; Etterson, Matthew A. (2012). "Autumn Raptor Banding at Hawk Ridge, Duluth, Minnesota U.S.A., 1972–2009: An Overview". Journal of Raptor Research. 46 (1): 36–49. doi:10.3356/JRR-10-95.1. ISSN 0892-1016.