List of Indian monarchs

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This article is a list of the various dynasties and monarchs that have ruled in the Indian subcontinent and it is one of several lists of incumbents.

The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on Ashokan edicts^[1][2] written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from the literary sources like Sanskrit literature, Jain literature and Buddhist literature in context of literary sources. Archaeological sources include archeological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other.

Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the dynasty, at the time. These Punch-marked coins were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain.

Iron Age Kingdoms (c. 2000s BCE – 200s BCE)[edit]

Kingdom of Magadha[edit]

King Magadha's dynasty[edit]

Rulers -

List of Magadha dynasty rulers

Ruler
King Magadha
Sudhanva, (Nephew of King Magadha and son of King Kuru II)
Sudhanu
Suhotra
Chyavana
Chavana
Kritri
Kriti
Krita
Kritayagya
Kritavirya
Kritasena
Kritaka
Uparichara Vasu

(Uparichara Vasu was father of Brihadratha, he was succeeded by his son Brihadratha on throne of Magadha)

(Uparichara Vasu descendants founded many kingdoms like King Pratyagraha of Chedi Kingdom and great-grandfather of Shishupala, King Vatsa of Vatsa Kingdom and King Matsya of Matsya Kingdom and great-grandfather of Virata and Satyavati)

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE)[edit]

Rulers -

List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)
Brihadratha	1700–1680 BCE
Jarasandha	1680–1665 BCE
Sahadeva	1665–1661 BCE
Somadhi	1661–1603 BCE
Srutasravas	1603–1539 BCE
Ayutayus	1539–1503 BCE
Niramitra	1503–1463 BCE
Sukshatra	1463–1405 BCE
Brihatkarman	1405–1382 BCE
Senajit	1382–1332 BCE
Srutanjaya	1332–1292 BCE
Vipra	1292–1257 BCE
Suchi	1257–1199 BCE
Kshemya	1199–1171 BCE
Subrata	1171–1107 BCE
Dharma	1107–1043 BCE
Susuma	1043–970 BCE
Dridhasena	970–912 BCE
Sumati	912–879 BCE
Subala	879–857 BCE
Sunita	857–817 BCE
Satyajit	817–767 BCE
Viswajit	767–732 BCE
Ripunjaya	732–682 BCE

(Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)	Period
Pradyota Mahasena	682–659 BCE	23
Palaka	659–635 BCE	24
Visakhayupa	635–585 BCE	50
Ajaka	585–564 BCE	21
Varttivarddhana	564–544 BCE	20

(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)

Kingdom of Kashmir[edit]

Gonanda dynasty (I)[edit]

Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Dating of Gonanda kings based on calculation of Jogesh Chander Dutt.^[3]

List of Gonanda dynasty I rulers

Ruler
Gonanda I
Damodara I
Yashovati
Gonanda II
35 kings (names lost)
Lava
Kusheshaya
Khagendra
Surendra
Godhara
Suvarna
Janaka
Shachinara
Ashoka (Gonandiya)
Jalauka
Damodara II
Abhimanyu I

Gonanditya dynasty (c. 1175 – 167 BCE)[edit]

The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.^[4]

Ruler	Reign[5]	Ascension year	Notes
Gonanda III	35 years	1175 BCE	Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites
Vibhishana I	53 years, 6 months	1147 BCE
Indrajit	35 years	1094 BCE
Ravana	30 years, 6 months	–	A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana.
Vibhishana II	35 years, 6 months	1058 BCE
Nara I (Kinnara)	40 years, 9 months	1023 BCE	His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire.
Siddha	60 years	983 BCE	Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle.
Utpalaksha	30 years, 6 months	923 BCE	Son of Siddha
Hiranyaksha	37 years, 7 months	893 BCE	Son of Utpalaksha
Hiranyakula	60 years	855 BCE	Son of Hiranyaksha
Vasukula (Mukula)	60 years	795 BCE	Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir.
Mihirakula	70 years	735 BCE	According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[6] According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation.
Vaka (Baka)	63 years, 18 days	665 BCE	A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons.
Kshitinanda	30 years	602 BCE	The only surviving child of Vaka
Vasunanda	52 years, 2 months	572 BCE	"Originator of the science of love"
Nara II	60 years	520 BCE	Son of Vasunanda
Aksha	60 years	460 BCE	Son of Nara II
Gopaditya	60 years, 6 days	400 BCE	Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries.
Gokarna	57 years, 11 months	340 BCE	Son of Gopaditya
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila)	36 years, 3 months, 10 days	282 BCE	Son of Gokarna
Yudhisthira I	34 years, 5 months, 1 day	246 BCE to 167 BCE	Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.

King Pratapaditya's dynasty (c. 167 BCE – 25 CE)[edit]

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.^[6] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.^[5]

Ruler	Reign[5]	Ascension year	Notes
Pratapaditya I	32 years	167 BCE	Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6).
Jalauka	32 years	135 BCE	Son of Pratapaditya
Tungjina I	36 years	103 BCE	Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless.
Vijaya	8 years	67 BCE	From a different dynasty than Tungjina.
Jayendra	37 years	59 BCE	Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death.
Sandhimati	47 years	22 BCE to 25 CE	Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.

Gonanda dynasty II (c. 25 – 625 CE)[edit]

Ruler	Reign[5]	Ascension year	Notes
Meghavahana	34 years	25 CE	Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II)	30 years	59 CE	Son of Meghavahana
Hiranya	30 years, 2 months	89 CE	Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[6]
Matrigupta	4 years, 9 months, 1 day	120 CE	According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606–47 CE).[8] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[9]
Pravarasena II	60 years	125 CE	Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.[6] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[10]
Yudhishthira II	39 years, 8 months	185 CE	Son of Pravarasena
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana)	13 years	206 CE	Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III)	42 years	219 CE	Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual.
Vikramaditya	42 years	267 CE	Son of Ranaditya
Baladitya	36 years, 8 months	309 to 345 CE	Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama Kayastha caste.

Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500 – 518 BCE)[edit]

Gandhara region centered around the Peshawar Valley and Swat river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the Taxila region in Potohar Plateau and westwards into the Kabul and Bamiyan valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the Karakoram range.^[11][12]

Known Gandhara rulers are-

• Nagnajit
• Subala
• Shakuni
• Achala
• Kalikeya
• Suvala
• Vrishaka
• Vrihadvala
• Gaya
• Gavaksha
• Vrishava
• Charmavat
• Arjava
• Suka
• Kulinda
• Pushkarasakti (c. 535–518 BCE), last ruler of Gandhara kingdom probably at time of Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
• Kandik, (late ruler)

Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 – 345 BCE)[edit]

Kuru II was the ruler of Puru dynasty after whom the dynasty was named Kuruvāmshā and the kingdom was renamed from Puru dynasty to Kuru Kingdom. He had three sons, namely Vidhuratha I who became the ruler of Pratisthana, Vyushitaswa who died at a very young age, and Sudhanva, who became the ruler of Magadha. So Vidhuratha I became the king of Hastinapura.

List of rulers–

1. Kuru II
2. Vidhuratha I
3. Jahnu
4. Suratha
5. Vidhuratha II
6. Sarvabhauma II
7. Jayasena
8. Radhika
9. Ayutayu
10. Akrodhana II
11. Devaththi II
12. Riksha III
13. Dilipa
14. Anaswan II
15. Parikshit II
16. Janamejaya III
17. Bheemasena
18. Pratishravas
19. Pratipa
20. Shantanu
21. Chitrāngada
22. Vichitravirya
23. Pandu
24. Dhritarashtra II
25. Yudhisthira
26. Parikshit III was the son of Abhimanyu; and grandson of the Pandava Arjuna
27. Janamejaya IV
28. Śatānīka
29. Ashwamedhatta (Ashwamedhaja)
30. Asīmakṛṣṇa
31. Nemicakra
32. Citraratha
33. Vṛṣṭimān
34. Suṣeṇa
35. Sunītha
36. Nṛcakṣu
37. Sukhīnala
38. Pariplava
39. Sunaya
40. Nṛpañjaya
41. Timi
42. Bṛhadratha
43. Sudāsa
44. Śatānīka
45. Durdamana
46. Mahīnara
47. Daṇḍapāṇi
48. Nimi
49. Kṣemaka

Kṣemaka was the last Kuru king dethroned by Mahapadma Nanda of Nanda Empire in 345 BCE.^[13][14]

Heheya Kingdom of Avanti (c. 1100 – 400 BCE)[edit]

• Maharaja Pururusu
• Maharaj Ayusu
• Maharaj Nahusha
• Maharaj Yayati
• Maharaj Yadu
• Maharaj Sahasrajit
• Maharaj Shatjit
• Maharaj Haihay – (Founder of Heheya Kingdom)^[15]
• Maharaj Dharma
• Maharaj Dharmnetra
• Maharaj Kuntiraj
• Maharaj Sahjit
• Maharaj Mahishman – (Founder of Mahismati)^[16]
• Maharaj Bhadrasen
• Maharaj Durdabh
• Maharaj Dhhannaka
• Maharaj Kritvirya
• Maharaj Sahasrarjun
• Maharaj Veersen (Jaydwaj)

Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include Kansara, Kasera, Tamrakar, Thathera, Tambat and many more.^[17]

Medieval Haihayas[edit]

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuri and Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.^[18]

Videha dynasty of Mithila (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)[edit]

There were 52 Janaka (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila-^[19]

1. Mithi - (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka)^[20]
2. Udavasu
3. Nandivardhana
4. Suketu
5. Devarata
6. Brihadvrata
7. Mahavira
8. Sudhriti
9. Dristaketu
10. Haryasva
11. Maru
12. Pratindhaka
13. Kritiratha
14. Devamidha
15. Vibhuta
16. Mahidhrata
17. Kirtirata
18. Mahorama
19. Swarnorama
20. Hrisvaroma
21. Seeradhwaja
22. Bhaanumaan
23. Shatadyumn
24. Shuchi
25. Oorjnaamaa
26. Kriti
27. Anjan
28. Kurujit
29. Arishtnemi
30. Shrutaayu
31. Supaarshwa
32. Srinjaya
33. Kshemaavee
34. Anenaa
35. Bhaumarath
36. Satyarath
37. Upagu
38. Upagupt
39. Swaagat
40. Swaanand
41. Suvarchaa
42. Supaarshwa
43. Subhaash
44. Sushrut
45. Jaya
46. Vijaya
47. Rit
48. Sunaya
49. Veetahavya
50. Dhriti
51. Bahulaashwa
52. Kriti - last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of Acharyas (Learned Men).

During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eight century BCE.^[21]

Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)[edit]

Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)[edit]

According to Mahabharata and some Puranas, the prince 'Kalinga' founded the Kalinga Kingdom, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.^[22][23] The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the Kaurava camp.^[24] In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned.^[25]

Known rulers are-

• King Kalinga, (founder of Kalinga Kingdom)
• King Odra, (founder of Odra Kingdom)
• Srutayudha
• Srutayush
• Manimat
• Chitrangada
• Subahu
• Virasena
• Sudatta
• Nalikira
• Yavanaraj
• Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE)
• Avakinnayo Karakandu (c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE)
• Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)

Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE)[edit]

This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with the kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty.

Known rulers are-

• Dandaki
• Mahakalinga
• Chullakalinga
• Kalinga II (c. 7th – 6th century BCE)

Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are-

This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in Dāṭhavaṃsa.

Known rulers are-

• Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
• Sattabhu
• Kasiraja
• Sunanda
• Guhasiva

Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE)[edit]

Known rulers are-

• Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)

His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.^[26]

• Unknown rulers
• Ananta Padmanabha (until 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of Mauryan annexation of Kalinga.^[27]

After Kalinga War (261 BCE), Kalinga Kingdom became a part of Mauryan Empire, after which Kalinga Kingdom was succeeded by Mahameghavahana Empire between 230 and 190 BCE which ruled until 350 CE.^[28]

Kosala Kingdom (c. 1100 – 345 BCE)[edit]

List of rulers–^[29]

• Brihadbala
• Brihatkshaya
• Urukriya
• Vatsavyuha
• Prativyoma
• Bhaanu
• Divakara
• Veer Sahadeva
• Brihadashva
• Bhanuratha
• Pratitashva
• Supratika
• Marudeva
• Sunakshatra
• Pushkara
• Antariksha
• Suvarna
• Bruhadaraaj
• Kritanjaya
• Ranajjaya
• Sanjaya Mahakoshala or Jayasena
• Prasenajit
• Virudhaka
• Sumitra

Sumitra was the last ruler of Kosala kingdom, who was defeated by the Nanda ruler emperor Mahapadma Nanda of Magadha in 340 BCE. However, he wasn't killed, and fled to Rohtas, located in present-day Bihar.^[30]

Panchala Kingdom (c. 1100 BCE – 350 CE)[edit]

Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II, whose son was Kuru and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas.^[31][32][33]

List of Panchala Kingdom rulers are-

• Rishin
• Brihadbhanu, (son of Brihadvasu)
• Brihatkaya
• Puranjaya
• Riksha
• Bramhyaswa
• Aramyaswa
• Mudgala, Yavinara, Pratiswan, Maharaja Kampilya - (founder of Kampilya capital of Panchala Kingdom)
• Sranjaya, (son of Aramyaswa)
• Dritimana
• Drdhanemi
• Sarvasena, (founder of Ujjain Kingdom)
• Mitra
• Rukmaratha
• Suparswa
• Sumathi
• Sannatimana
• Krta
• Pijavana
• Somadutta
• Jantuvahana
• Badhrayaswa
• Brihadhishu
• Brihadhanu
• Brihadkarma
• Jayaratha
• Visvajit
• Seinyajit
• Nepavirya, (after this King's name the country was named Nepaldesh)
• Samara
• Sadashva
• Ruchiraswa
• Pruthusena
• Prapti
• Prthaswa
• Sukrthi
• Vibhiraja
• Anuha
• Bramhadatta II
• Vishwaksena
• Dandasena
• Durmukha
• Durbuddhi
• Dharbhya
• Divodasa
• Sivana I
• Mitrayu
• Maitrayana
• Soma
• Sivana II
• Sadasana
• Sahadeva
• Somaka, (Somaka's eldest son was Sugandakrthu and youngest was Prishata. But in a war all sons died and Prishata Survived and became the king of Panchala)
• Prishati, (son of Somaka)
• Drupada, (son of Prishata)
• Dhrishtadyumna, (was the son of Drupada, Draupadi and Shikhandi were the daughters of Drupada)
• Keśin Dālbhya
• Pravahana Jaivali
• Achyuta, (last known ruler of Panchala Kingdom which was defeated in c. 350 CE by Gupta ruler Samudragupta.)

Anga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 530 BCE)[edit]

Known Anga rulers are-

• Maharaj Anga - (founder of the kingdom and son of King Bali)
• Romapada
• Brihadratha
• Angaraj Karna
• Vrishaketu - (son of Karna)
• Tamralipta
• Lomapada
• Chitraratha
• Vrihadratha
• Vasuhoma
• Dhatarattha
• Dhadivahana
• Brahmadatta - (last king of Anga kingdom)

Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE)[edit]

Known Kamboja rulers are-

• Kamatha
• Chandravarma Kamboja
• Kamatha Kamboja
• Prapaksha Kamboja
• Sudakshina Kamboja
• Srindra Varmana Kamboj

Shakya Republic of Kapilavastu (c. 7th to 5th century BCE)[edit]

Known Shakya rulers are–^[34]

• Shakya
• Sihahanu
• Śuddhodana
• Siddhartha Shakya (aka Gautama Buddha)
• Rāhula

Later Shakya Republic was conquered by Virudhaka of Kosala.

First Magadha Empire (c. 544 – 28 BCE)[edit]

Haryanka Dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Haryanka dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)
Bimbisara	544–491 BCE
Ajatashatru	491–461 BCE
Udayin	461–428 BCE
Anirudha	428–419 BCE
Munda	419–417 BCE
Darshaka	417–415 BCE
Nāgadāsaka	415–413 BCE

(Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by his named as Shishunaga in 413 BCE)

Shishunaga Dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Shishunga dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)
Shishunaga	413–395 BCE
Kalashoka	395–377 BCE
Kshemadharman	377–365 BCE
Kshatraujas	365–355 BCE
Nandivardhana	355–349 BCE
Mahanandin	349–345 BCE

(Mahanandin was murdered by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)

Nanda Dynasty (c. 345 – 322 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Nanda dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)
Mahapadma Nanda	345–340 BCE
Pandukananda	340–339 BCE
Pandugatinanda	339–338 BCE
Bhutapalananda	338–337 BCE
Rashtrapalananada	337–336 BCE
Govishanakananda	336–335 BCE
Dashasiddhakananda	335–334 BCE
Kaivartananda	334–329 BCE
Dhana Nanda	329–321 BCE

(Dhana Nanda lost the throne to Chandragupta Maurya (the son-in-law of Dhana Nanda) after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)

Maurya Dynasty (c. 322 – 184 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

Ruler		Reign
Chandragupta Maurya		322–297 BCE
Bindusara		297–273 BCE
Ashoka		268–232 BCE
Dasharatha Maurya		232–224 BCE
Samprati		224–215 BCE
Shalishuka		215–202 BCE
Devavarman		202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan		195–187 BCE
Brihadratha		187–184 BCE

(Brihadratha, the last ruler of this dynasty, was dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)

Shunga Dynasty (c. 185 – 73 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Shunga dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (BCE)
Pushyamitra Shunga	185–149 BCE
Agnimitra	149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha	141–131 BCE
Vasumitra	131–124 BCE
Bhadraka	124–122 BCE
Pulindaka	122–119 BCE
Ghosha	119–108 BCE
Vajramitra	108–94 BCE
Bhagabhadra	94–83 BCE
Devabhuti	83–73 BCE

(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)

Kanva Dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Kanava dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign	Period
Vasudeva Kanva	73–64 BCE	9
Bhumimitra	64–50 BCE	14
Narayana	50–38 BCE	12
Susarman	38–28 BCE	10

(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, defeated by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1650 CE)[edit]

Early Pandyans[edit]

• Koon Pandiyan - (Earliest Known Pandyan king)
• Nedunj Cheliyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan), he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi
• Pudappandiyan
• Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi
• Nedunj Cheliyan II (Pasumpun Pandiyan)
• Nan Maran
• Nedunj Cheliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan)
• Maran Valudi
• Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
• Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

Middle Pandyans (c. 590–920 CE)[edit]

• Kadungon (590–620 CE)
• Maravarman Avani Culamani (c. 620–645 CE)
• Jayantavarman (c. 645–670 CE)
• Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (c. 670–710 CE)
• Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (710–735 CE)
• Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I (735–765)
• Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–815)
• Rasasingan II (790–800)
• Varagunan I (800–830)
• Srimara Srivallabha (815–862)
• Varagunavarman II (862–880)
• Parantaka Viranarayana (880–900)
• Maravarman Rajasimha II (900–920)

Pandyans under Chola Empire (c. 920–1216 CE)[edit]

• Sundara Pandyan I
• Vira Pandyan I
• Vira Pandyan II
• Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
• Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
• Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
• Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
• Jatavarman Chola Pandya
• Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
• Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
• Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162)
• Kulasekara Pandyan III
• Vira Pandyan III
• Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180)
• Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216)

Pandalam dynasty (Later Pandyans) (c. 1212–1345 CE)[edit]

• Parakrama Pandyan II (1212–1215)
• Maravarman Sundara Pandyan (1216–1238)
• Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II (1238–1240)
• Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251)
• Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268)
• Maaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308)
• Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1327)
• Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1345)

Tenkasi Pandya dynasty (c. 1422–1650 CE)[edit]

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

• Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan (1422–1463)
• Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan (1429–1473)
• Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan (1473–1506)
• Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499)
• Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543)
• Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552)
• Nelveli Maran (1552–1564)
• Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604)
• Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612)
• Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618)
• Kollankondan (1618–1650)

Chera dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1530 CE)[edit]

Ancient Chera (c. 600 BCE–400 CE)[edit]

• Vanavan or Vanavaramban (425–350 BCE)
• Kuttuvan Uthiyan Cheralathan (350–328 BCE)
• Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (328–270 BCE)
• Palyaanai Chelkezhu Kuttuvan (270–245 BCE)
• Kalangaikanni narmudicheral (245–220 BCE)
• Perumcheralathan (220–200 BCE)
• Kudakko Neduncheralathan (200–180 BCE)
• Kadal Pirakottiya Velkezhu kuttuvan (180–125 BCE)
• Adukotpattuch Cheralathan (125–87 BCE)
• Selvak kadungo Vazhiyathan (87–62 BCE)
• Yanaikatchei Mantharanj Cheral Irumborai (62–42 BCE)
• Thagadoor Erintha Perum Cheral Irumborai (42–25 BCE), (unification of Upper and lower Kongu Nadu).
• Ilancheral Irumborai (25–19 BCE)
• Karuvur Eriya Koperumcheral Irumborai (19–1 BCE)
• Vanji Mutrathu tunjiya Anthuvancheral (1 BCE–10 CE)
• Kanaikal Irumborai (20–30 CE)
• Palai Padiya Perum kadngko (1–30 CE)
• Kokothai Marban (30–61 CE)
• Cheran Chenguttuvan (61–140 CE)
• Kottambalathu tunjiya Maakothai (140–150 CE)
• Cheraman mudangi kidantha Nedumcheralathan (150–160 CE)
• Cheraman Kanaikkal Irumborai (160–180 CE)
• Cheraman Ilamkuttuvan (180–200 CE)
• Thambi Kuttuvan (200–220 CE)
• Poorikko (220–250 CE)
• Cheraman Kuttuvan Kothai (250–270 CE)
• Cheraman Vanjan (270–300 CE)
• Mantharanj Cheral (330–380 CE), found in Allahabad Pillar of Samudragupta.

Kongu Chera dynasty (c. 400–844 CE)[edit]

• Ravi Kotha
• Kantan Ravi
• Vira Kotha
• Vira Narayana
• Vira Chola
• Vira Kerala
• Amara Bhujanga Deva
• Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Kodungallur Cheras (c. 844–1122 CE)[edit]

(The Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)

• Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (844–870 CE)
  • Kulasekhara Alvar/Kulasekhara Varma
• Rama Rajasekhara (870–883 CE)
  • Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
• Vijayaraga (883–895 CE)
• Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari (895–905 CE)
• Kotha Ravi (905–943 CE)
• Indu Kotha (943–962 CE)
• Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya (962–1021 CE)
• Ravi Kotha Rajasimha (1021–1036 CE)
• Raja Raja (1036–1089 CE)
• Ravi Rama Rajadithya (1036–1089 CE)
• Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya (1036–1089 CE)
• Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 CE)

Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas) (c. 1090–1530 CE)[edit]

• Rama Kulasekhara (1090–1102)
• Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125)
• Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
• Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
• Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150)
• Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
• Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
• Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
• Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
• Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?)
• Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
• Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
• Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
• Ravi Varma (1252–1313)
• Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
• Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
• Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
• Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
• Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
• Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
• Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
• Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
• Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
• Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
• Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458)
• Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
• Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484
• Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503)
• Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
• Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1530)

Chola dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1279 CE)[edit]

Ancient Chola rulers (c. 600 BCE – 300 CE)[edit]

• Eri Oliyan Vaendhi
• Maandhuvaazhi
• El Mei Nannan
• Keezhai Kinjuvan
• Vazhisai Nannan
• Mei Kiyagusi Aerru
• Aai Kuzhi Agusi Aerru
• Thizhagan Maandhi
• Maandhi Vaelan
• Aai Adumban
• Ilamcetcenni
• Karikala Chola
• Nedunkilli
• Nalankilli
• Killivalavan
• Perunarkilli
• Kocengannan
• Nalluruththiran

Chola Empire (c. 848 – 1279 CE)[edit]

Ruler		Reign	Notes
Vijayalaya Chola		848–870	Founder of the Chola Empire, and descendant of the Early Cholas.
Aditya I		870–907
Parantaka I		907–955
Gandaraditya		955–957	Ruled jointly.
Arinjaya		956–957
Parantaka II		957–970
Uttama		970–985
Rajaraja I the Great		985–1014
Rajendra I		1014–1018
Rajadhiraja I		1018–1054
Rajendra II		1054–1063
Rajamehendra		1060-1063
Virarajendra		1063–1070
Athirajendra		1070	Left no heirs.
Kulothunga I		1070–1122	Son of Amangai Devi Chola, daughter of Rajendra I, and Rajaraja Narendra, ruler of Eastern Chalukya dynasty. Kolothunga's reign started the period which was known as Chalukya-Chola dynasty or simply Later Cholas.
Vikrama		1122–1135
Kulothunga II		1135–1150	Grandson of the previous.
Rajaraja II		1150–1173
Rajadhiraja II		1173–1178	Grandson of king Vikrama Chola.
Kulothunga III		1178–1218
Rajaraja III		1218–1256
Rajendra III		1256–1279	Last Chola ruler, defeated by the Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I of the Pandya dynasty. After the war, the remaining Chola royal bloods were reduced to the state of being chieftains by the Pandyan forces.

Kingdom of Tambapanni (c. 543 – 437 BCE)[edit]

House of Vijaya[edit]

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Ruler From (in BCE)	Ruler Until (in BCE)	Marriages	Claim
	Vijaya	? Sinhapura son of Sinhabahu, and Sinhasivali	505 Tambapanni	543	505	Kuveni two children Pandu Princess	Founded Kingdom Marriage to Kuveni
	Upatissa (regent)	-	-	505	504		Prince Vijaya's Chief Minister
	Panduvasdeva	-	-	504	474		Nephew of Vijaya
	Abhaya	-	-	474	454		Son of Panduvasdeva
	Tissa (regent)	-	-	454	437		Younger brother of Abhaya

Velir dynasties (c. 300 BCE – 1200 CE)[edit]

Major dynasties of Velir are-

• Vēl Pāri
• Ilanji Vel
• Irunkōvēl
• Athiyamān
• Malayamān
• Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri
• Athiyamān Nedumān Añci
• Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan

Ay dynasty (Velir) (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)[edit]

Early Ay Kings[edit]

• Ay Andiran
• Ay Titiyan
• Ay Atiyan

Medieval Ay Kings[edit]

• Chadayan Karunanthan
• Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856–884 CE)
• Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. 884–911 CE)

Satavahana dynasty (c. 228 BCE – 224 CE)[edit]

The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously between 230 BCE to 100 BCE and lasted until the early 3rd century CE.^[35] Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.^[36] The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings.

S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings, and gives the following regnal dates:^[37]

List of Satavahana dynasty rulers

S. No	Ruler	Reign
1	Simuka	(r. 228 – 205 BCE)
2	Krishna	(r. 205 – 187 BCE)
3	Satakarni I	(r. 187 – 177 BCE)
4	Purnotsanga	(r. 177 – 159 BCE)
5	Skandhastambhi	(r. 159 – 141 BCE)
6	Satakarni II	(r. 141 – 85 BCE)
7	Lambodara	(r. 85 – 67 BCE)
8	Apilaka	(r. 67 – 55 BCE)
9	Meghasvati	(r. 55 – 37 BCE)
10	Svati	(r. 37 – 19 BCE)
11	Skandasvati	(r. 19 – 12 BCE)
12	Mrigendra Satakarni	(r. 12 – 9 BCE)
13	Kunatala Satakarni	(r. 9 – 1 BCE)
14	Satakarni III	(r. 1 BCE – 1 CE)
15	Pulumavi I	(r. 1 – 36 CE)
16	Gaura Krishna	(r. 36 – 61 CE)
17	Hāla	(r. 61 – 66 CE)
18	Mandalaka aka Puttalaka or Pulumavi II	(r. 69 – 71 CE)
19	Purindrasena	(r. 71 – 76 CE)
20	Sundara Satakarni	(r. 76 – 77 CE)
21	Chakora Satakarni	(r. 77 – 78 CE)
22	Shivasvati	(r. 78 – 106 CE)
23	Gautamiputra Satkarni	(r. 106 – 130 CE)
24	Vasisthiputra aka Pulumavi III	(r. 130 – 158 CE)
25	Shiva Sri Satakarni	(r. 158 – 165 CE)
26	Shivaskanda Satakarni	(r. 165–172)
27	Sri Yajna Satakarni	(r. 172 – 201 CE)
28	Vijaya Satakarni	(r. 201 – 207 CE)
29	Chandra Sri Satakarni	(r. 207 – 214 CE)
30	Pulumavi IV	(r. 217 – 224 CE)

Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga (c. 225 BCE – 300 CE)[edit]

Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty.^[38][39] The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context.^[40] But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known.^[38]

• Maharaja Vasu
• King Mahamegha Vahana
• Sobhanaraja
• Chandraja
• Ksemaraja
• Vakradeva (or) Virdhharaja
• Kharavela (c. 193 BCE–155 BCE)^[41][42]
• Kudepasiri Vakradeva ll
• Vaduka
• Galaveya
• Mana-Sada
• Siri-Sada
• Maha-Sada
• Sivamaka-Sada
• Asaka-Sada

Classical Period (c. 200s BCE – c. 550s CE)[edit]

Kingdom of Kangleipak (Manipur) (c. 200s BCE –1950 CE)[edit]

The Meitei people are made up of seven major clans, known as Salai Taret.

The clans include:

1. Mangang
2. Khuman Salai
3. Luwang
4. Angom
5. Moilang
6. Kha Nganpa
7. Salai Leishangthem

Ancient dynasties (clans) of Kangleipak[edit]

Khapa-Nganpa Salai

• Taang-chaa Leela Pakhangpa
• Kangba
• Maliya Fampalcha
• Kaksu Tonkonpa
• Koilou Nongtailen Pakhangpa
• Samlungpha (44–34 BCE)
• Chingkhong Poireiton (34–18 BCE )
• Singtabung (18–8 BCE)
• Paangminnaba (8–1 BCE)

Luwang Salai

• Luwang Khunthipa (1–5 CE)
• Luwang Punshipa (5–33 CE)

Ningthouja or Mangang dynasty (c. 33–1074 CE)[edit]

• Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa (33–154 CE)
• Khuiyoi Tompok (154–264 CE)
• Taothingmang (264–364 CE)
• Khui Ningonba (364–379 CE)
• Pengsipa (379–394 CE)
• Kaokhangpa (394–411 CE)
• Naokhampa (411–428 CE)
• Naophangpa (428–518 CE)
• Sameilang (518–568 CE)
• Urakonthoupa (568–658 CE)
• Naothingkhon (663–763 CE)
• Khongtekcha (763–773 CE)
• Keilencha (784–799 CE)
• Yalaba (799–821 CE)
• Ayangpa (821–910 CE)
• Ningthoucheng (910–949 CE)
• Chenglei-Ipan-Lanthapa (949–969 CE)
• Keiphaba Yanglon (969–984 CE)
• Irengba (984–1074 CE)

Kangleipak dynasty (c. 1074–1819 CE)[edit]

1. Loiyumpa (1074–1112)
2. Loitongpa (1112–1150)
3. Atom Yoilempa (1150–1163)
4. Iyanthapa (1163–1195)
5. Thayanthapa (1195–1231)
6. Chingthang Lanthapa (1231–1242)
7. Thingpai Shelhongpa (1242–1247)
8. Pulanthapa (1247–1263)
9. Khumompa (1263–1278)
10. Moilampa (1278–1302)
11. Thangpi Lanthapa (1302–1324)
12. Kongyampa (1324–1335)
13. Telheipa (1335–1355)
14. Tonapa (1355–1359)
15. Tapungpa (1359–1394)
16. Lailenpa (1394–1399)
17. Punsipa (1404–1432)
18. Ningthoukhompa (1432–1467)
19. Senpi Kiyampa (1467–1508)
20. Koilempa (1508–1512)
21. Lamkhyampa (1512–1523)
22. Nonginphapa (1523–1524)
23. Kapompa (1524–1542)
24. Tangchampa (1542–1545)
25. Chalampa (1545–1562)
26. Mungyampa (1562–1597)
27. Khaki Ngampa(1597–1652)
28. Khunchaopa (1652–1666)
29. Paikhompa (1666–1697)
30. Charairongba (1697–1709)
31. Gharib Nawaz (Ningthem Pamheipa) (1709–1754), (adoption of the name Manipur)
32. Chit Sain (1754–1756)
33. Gaurisiam (1756–1763)
34. Ching-Thang Khomba (Bhagya Chandra) (1764–1798)
35. Rohinchandra (Harshachandra Singh) (1798–1801)
36. Maduchandra Singh (1801–1806)
37. Charajit Singh (1806–1812)
38. Marjit Singh (1812–1819)

(Came to power with Burmese support).

Burmese rule (c. 1819–1825 CE)[edit]

Princely State (c. 1825–1947 CE)[edit]

• Gambhir Singh (1825–1834)

(Restored after the First Anglo-Burmese War)

• Regency for Chandrakirti Singh (1834–1850)
• Nara Singh (1844–1850)
• Debendro Singh (1850)
• Chandrakirti Singh (1850–1886)
• Surchandra Singh (1886–1890)
• Kulachandra Singh (1890–1891)
• Churachand Singh (1891–1941)
• Bodhchandra Singh (1941–1947)^[43][44]

Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE)[edit]

The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh and far western areas of Uttarakhand in North India.

The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is

• Amoghabhuti (late 2nd to early 1st century BCE)

Foreign assimilated kingdoms in Indian subcontinent[edit]

These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

The sequence of there invasions are-

• The boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire after conquest of Indus valley reached North-West of the Indus River in 535 to 518 BCE.
• Alexander the Great (326–323 BCE) of the Argead dynasty who fought Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
• Seleucus I Nicator (323–321 BCE), diadochos was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya in Seleucid–Mauryan war 305 BCE.
• The Hellenistic Euthydemid Dynasty under Demetrius I also reached the north-western frontiers of India in 200s BCE.

Indo-Greek Kingdom (Yavanarajya) (c. 200 BCE – 10 CE)[edit]

• Demetrius I (c. 200–190 BCE), founder of dynasty
• Euthydemus II ( c. 190–185 BCE)
• Pantaleon (c. 190–180 BCE)
• Demetrius II of India
• Antimachus I (c. 171–160 BCE)
• Antimachus II (c. 170–165 BCE)
• Menander I (c. 165/155–130 BCE)
• Agathokleia (c. 130–125)
• Strato I (c. 125–105 BCE)
• Demetrius III Aniketos (c. 105–100 BCE)
• Amyntas Nikator (c. 100–90 BCE)
• Menander II (c. 90–80 BCE)
• Demetrius IV (c. 80–30 BCE)
• Strato II (c. 30–10 BCE)
• Strato III (c. 10 CE), last ruler

Indo-Scythian (Saka) ( c. 12 BCE – 395 CE)[edit]

Aprācas rulers (c. 12 BCE − 45 CE )[edit]

• Vijayamitra (c. 12 BCE − 15 CE)
• Indravasu (c. 15 – 20 CE)
• Vispavarman
• Iṃdravarmo
• Aspa (c. 20 – 45 CE)
• Sasan (c. 45 – 50 CE)

Northern Satraps rulers (Mathura area) (c. 20 BCE – 20 CE)[edit]

• Hagamasha (satrap)
• Hagana (satrap)
• Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 CE)
• Sodasa

Minor local rulers[edit]

• Bhadayasa
• Mamvadi
• Arsakes

Northwestern Scythian rulers (c. 85 BCE – 10 CE)[edit]

• Maues (c. 85–60 BCE)
• Vonones (c. 75–65 BCE)
• Spalahores (c. 75–65 BCE)
• Spalarises (c. 60–57 BCE)
• Azes I (c. 57–35 BCE)
• Azilises (c. 57–35 BCE)
• Azes II (c. 35–12 BCE)
• Zeionises (c. 10 BCE–10 CE)
• Kharahostes (c. 10 BCE–10 CE)

Kshaharatas rulers[edit]

• Liaka Kusuluka
• Kusulaka Patika
• Bhumaka
• Nahapana (founder of the Western Satraps)

Western Satraps (Western Saka) (c. 119 – 395 CE)[edit]

• Nahapana (c. 119–124)
• Chastana (c. 124)
• Jayadaman (c. 124–130)
• Rudradaman I (c. 130–150)
• Damajadasri I (170–175)
• Jivadaman (175–199)
• Rudrasimha I (175–188)
• Isvaradatta (188–191)
• Rudrasimha I (restored) (191–197)
• Jivadaman (restored) (197–199)
• Rudrasena I (200–222)
• Samghadaman (222–223)
• Damasena (223–232)
• Damajadasri II (232–239) with
• Viradaman (234–238)
• Yasodaman I (239)
• Vijayasena (239–250)
• Damajadasri III (251–255)
• Rudrasena II (255–277)
• Visvasimha (277–282)
• Bhratadarman (282–295)
• Visvasena (293–304)
• Rudrasimha II, son of Lord (Svami) Jivadaman (304–348) with
• Yasodaman II (317–332)
• Rudradaman II (332–348)
• Rudrasena III (348–380)
• Simhasena (Indo-Scythian ruler) (380–382)
• Rudrasena IV (382–388)
• Rudrasimha III (388–395)

Pāratas rulers (c. 125 – 300 CE)[edit]

• Yolamira (c. 125–150)
• Bagamira (c. 150)
• Arjuna (c. 150–160)
• Hvaramira (c. 160–175)
• Mirahvara (c. 175–185)
• Miratakhma (c. 185–200)
• Kozana (c. 200–220)
• Bhimarjuna (c. 220–235)
• Koziya (c. 235–265)
• Datarvharna (c. 265–280)
• Datayola II (c. 280–300)

Kushan Empire (c. 1 – 375 CE)[edit]

Ruler		Reign	Notes
Heraios		1–30	King or clan chief of the Kushans. Founder of the dynasty.
Kujula Kadphises		30–80	United the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century, and became the first Kushan emperor.
Vima Takto Soter Megas		80–90	Alias The Great Saviour. His empire covered northwestern Gandhara and greater Bactria towards China, where Kushan presence has been asserted in the Tarim Basin. Under his reign, embassies were also sent to the Chinese court.
Vima Kadphises		90–127	The first great Kushan emperor. He introduced gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire.
Kanishka I the Great		127–144	Came to rule an empire in Bactria extending to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China.
Huvishka		144–191	His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire.
Vasudeva I		191–232	He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240.
Kanishka II		232–245	It is likely he lost part of his empire to the Kushano-Sassanians.
Vashishka		245–250
Kanishka III		250–275
Vasudeva II		275–310
Chhu		310–325
Vasudeva III		c.300?	Kings whose existence is uncertain.
Vasudeva IV
Vasudeva V
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I		325–350
Kipunada		350–375	May have been a subject of Samudragupta from Gupta Empire.

Indo-Parthian (Pahalava) (c. 21 – 100 CE)[edit]

• Gondophares I (c. 21–50)
• Abdagases I (c. 50–65)
• Satavastres (c. 60)
• Sarpedones (c. 70)
• Orthagnes (c. 70)
• Ubouzanes (c. 77)
• Sases or Gondophares II (c. 85)
• Abdagases II (c. 90)
• Pakores (c. 100)

Indo-Sasanian Kingdom (c. 233 – 365 CE)[edit]

• Ardashir I Kushanshah (233–245 CE)
• Peroz I Kushanshah (245–275 CE)
• Hormizd I Kushanshah (275–300 CE)
• Hormizd II Kushanshah (300–303 CE)
• Peroz II Kushanshah (303–330 CE)
• Varahran Kushanshah (330-365 CE)

Alchon Huns (Huna) (c. 400 – 670 CE)[edit]

• Anonymous kings (c. 400 – 430 CE)
• Khingila (c. 430 – 490 CE)
• Javukha/Zabocho (c. mid 5th – early 6th CE)
• Mehama (c. 461 – 493 CE)
• Lakhana Udayaditya (c. 490's CE)
• Aduman
• Toramana (c. 490 – 515 CE)
• Mihirakula (c. 515 – 540 CE)
• Toramana II (c. 530 – 570 CE)
• Pravarasena (c. 530 – 590 CE)
• Gokarna (c. 570 – 590 CE)
• Narendraditya Khinkhila (c. 590 – 630 CE)
• Yudhishthira (630 – 670 CE)

Chutu dynasty of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)[edit]

The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions:^[45]

• Chutukulananda
• Mulananda
• Sivalananda

Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur (c. 64–1952 CE)[edit]

Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta and book "Nagvansh" written by Lal Pradumn Singh. The list of Kings and chronology varies in these books. 57th Nagvanshi king Dripnath Shah (c.1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor general of India in 1787.^[46]

Rajas and Maharajas of Chotanagpur[edit]

• Raja Phani Mukut Rai (c. 64 – 162 CE), first Raja
• Raja Mukut Rai (c. 162 – 221 CE)
• Raja Ghat Rai (c. 221 – 278 CE)
• Raja Madan Rai (c. 278 – 307 CE)
• Raja Pratap Rai (c. 307 – 334 CE)
• Raja Kandrap Rai (c. 334 – 365 CE)
• Raja Udaimani Rai (c. 365 – 403 CE)
• Raja Jaimani Rai (c. 403 – 452 CE)
• Raja Srimani Rai (c. 452 – 476 CE)
• Raja Phani Rai (c. 476 – 493 CE)
• Raja Gendu Rai (c. 493 – 535 CE)
• Raja Hari Rai (c. 535 – 560 CE)
• Raja Gajraj Rai (c. 560 – 606 CE)
• Raja Sundar Rai (c. 606 – 643 CE)
• Raja Mukund Rai (c. 643 – 694 CE)
• Raja Udai Rai (c. 694 – 736 CE)
• Raja Kanchan Rai (c. 736 – 757 CE)
• Raja Magan Rai (c. 757 – 798 CE)
• Raja Jagan Rai (c. 798 – 837 CE)
• Raja Mohan Rai (c. 837 – 901 CE)
• Raja Gajdant Rai (c. 901 – 931 CE)
• Raja Gajghant Rai (c. 931 – 964 CE)
• Raja Chandan Rai (c. 964 – 992 CE)
• Raja Anand Rai (c. 992 – 1002 CE)
• Raja Sripati Rai (c. 1002 – 1055 CE)
• Raja Jaganand Rai (c. 1055 – 1074 CE)
• Raja Nripendra Rai (c. 1074 -1084 CE)
• Raja Gandharva Rai (c. 1084 -1098 CE)
• Raja Bhim Karn (c.1098 -c.1132)
• Raja Jash Karn (c.1132-c.1180)
• Raja Jai Karn (c.1180-c.1218)
• Raja Go Karn (c.1218-c.1236)
• Raja Hari Karn (c.1236-c.1276)
• Raja Shiv Karn (c.1276-c.1299)
• Raja Benu Karn (c.1299-c.1360)
• Raja Phenu Karn
• Raja Tihuli Karn
• Raja Shivdas Karn (c.1367-c.1389)
• Raja Udai Karn (c.1389-c.1427)
• Raja Pritvi Karn (c.1427-c.1451)
• Raja Pratap Karn (c.1451-c.1469)
• Raja Chhatra Karn (c.1469 – c.1515)
• Raja Virat Karn (c.1515 – c.1522)
• Raja Sindhu Karn (c.1522 – c.1535)
• Raja Madhu Karn Shah (c. 1584 -c.1599)
• Raja Bairisal (c. 1599 -c.1614)
• Raja Durjan Sal (c. 1614–1615)(c.1627 -c.1640)
• Raja Deo Shah
• Raja Raghunath Shah (1640–1690)
• Raja Ram Shah (1690–1715)
• Raja Yadunath Shah (1715–1724)
• Raja Shivnath Shah (1724–1733)
• Raja Udainath Shah (1733–1740)
• Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah (1740–1745)
• Raja Balram Nath Shah (1745–1748)
• Raja Maninath Shah (1748–1762)
• Raja Dhripnath Shah (1762–1790)
• Raja Deo Nath Shah (1790–1806)
• Maharaja Gobind Nath Shah Deo (1806–1822), first Maharaja
• Maharaja Jagannath Shah Deo (1822–1872)
• Maharaja Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo (1872–1950)
• Maharaja Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1950–1952)

Bharshiva dynasty (Nagas of Padmavati) (c. 170–350 CE)[edit]

• Vrisha-naga

(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century).

• Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava

(May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga).

• Bhima-naga (210–230 CE)

(Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati)

• Skanda-naga
• Vasu-naga
• Brihaspati-naga
• Vibhu-naga
• Ravi-naga
• Bhava-naga
• Prabhakara-naga
• Deva-naga
• Vyaghra-naga
• Ganapati-naga

Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE)[edit]

List of rulers–^[47][48]

List of Chandra dynasty Rulers

#	King	Period	Reign (CE)
1	Chandrodaya	27	202–229
2	Annaveta	5	229–234
3	Chandra	77	234–311
4	Rimbhiappa	23	311–334
5	Kuverami (Queen)	7	334–341
6	Umavira	20	341–361
7	Jugna	7	361–368
8	Lanki	2	368–370
9	Dvenchandra	55	370–425
10	Rajachandra	20	425–445
11	Kalachandra	9	445–454
12	Devachandra	22	454–476
13	Yajnachandra	7	476–483
14	Chandrabandu	6	483–489
15	Bhumichandra	7	489–496
16	Bhutichandra	24	496–520
17	Nitichandra	55	520–575
18	Virachandra	3	575–578
19	Pritichandra	12	578-90
20	Prithvichandra	7	590–597
21	Dhirtichandra	3	597–600
22	Mahavira	12	600-12
23	Virayajap	12	612-24
24	Sevinren	12	624-36
25	Dharmasura	13	636-49
26	Vajrashakti	16	649-65
27	Dharmavijaya	36	665–701
28	Narendravijaya	2 yr 9 months	701–703
29	Dharmachandra	16	703–720
30	Anandachandra	9+	720-729+
Harikela Dynasty
1	Traillokyachandra	30	900–930
2	Srichandra	45	930–975
3	Kalyanachandra	25	975–1000
4	Ladahachandra	20	1000–1020
5	Govindachandra	30	1020–1050

Abhira dynasty of Nasik (203–370 CE)[edit]

The following is the list of the sovereign and strong Abhira rulers:^[49]

• Abhira Sivadatta
• Sakasena alias Saka Satakrni
• Abhira Ishwarsena alias Mahaksatrapa Isvaradatta
• Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena

Second Magadha Empire (c. 240 – 750 CE)[edit]

Imperial Guptas[edit]

Ruler		Reign
Srigupta		240–290
Ghatotkacha		290–320
Chandragupta I		320–325
Samudragupta		325–375
Kacha		4th-century
Ramagupta		375–380
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya		380–415
Kumaragupta I		415–455
Skandagupta		455–467
Purugupta		467–472
Kumaragupta II Kramaditya		472–479
Buddhagupta		479–496
Narasimhagupta Baladitya		496–530
Kumaragupta III		530–540
Vishnugupta Candraditya		540–550
Bhanugupta		?

Later Guptas (c. 490 – 750 CE)[edit]

The genealogy of Later Gupta rulers regin is disputed, this list is approx to there original regin:^[50][51]

List of Later Gupta dynasty rulers

Nu.	King	Reign (CE)	Notes
1	Krishna-gupta	c. 490–505
2	Harsha-gupta	c. 505–525
3	Jivita-gupta I	c. 525–550
4	Kumara-gupta	c. 550–560
5	Damodara-gupta	c. 560–562
6	Mahasena-gupta	c. 562–601
7	Madhava-gupta	c. 601–655
8	Aditya-sena	c. 655–680
9	Deva-gupta	c. 680–700
10	Vishnu-gupta	c. 700–725
11	Jivita-gupta II	c. 725–750

Vakataka dynasty (c. 250–500 CE)[edit]

Ruler		Reign	Capital	Notes
Vindhyashakti		250-275	Vatsagulma	Founder of the Vakataka Empire and dynasty.
Pravarasena I		275-330	Vatsagulma	After his death, his sons divided the empire: Rudrasena took the northern half, and Sarvasena the southern (with the original capital)
Rudrasena I		330-360	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)	Son of Pravarasena, took the northern part of the realm.
Sarvasena I		330-355	Vatsagulma (Southern)	Son of Pravarasena, took the southern part of the realm.
Vindhyasena		355-400	Vatsagulma (Southern)
Prithivishena I		360-385	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Rudrasena II		385-390	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Regency of Prabhavatigupta (390-410)				Ruled under regency of his mother (daughter of Chandragupta II). The regency coincided with the zenith of the Gupta Empire, which also extended influence into the Vakataka realms.
Divakarasena		390-410	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Pravarasena II		400-415	Vatsagulma (Southern)
Damodarasena		410-420	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Sarvasena II		415-455	Vatsagulma (Southern)
Pravarasena II		430-440	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Narendrasena		440-460	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Devasena		455-480	Vatsagulma (Southern)
Prithivishena II		460-480	Pravapura and Nandivardhana (Northern)
Harishena		480-510	Vatsagulma (Southern)

Pallava dynasty (c. 275 – 897 CE)[edit]

Early or Middle Pallavs rulers regin is disputed, this timeline is approx to there original regin:

List of Pallava dynasty rulers

Nu.	King	Reign (CE) (disputed)	Notes
Former Pallava
1	Simhavarman I	c. 275–300
2	Sivaskandavarman	c. 300–330
3	Skandavarman I	c. 330–340
Middle Pallava
4	Vishnugopa	c. 340–360
5	Skandavarman II	c. 360–380
6	Kumaravishnu I	c. 380–400
7	Buddhavarman	c. 400–410
8	Kumaravishnu II	c. 410–420
9	Viravarman	c. 420–425
10	Skandavarman IV	c. 425–436
11	Simhavarman II	c. 436–458
12	Skandavarman V	c. 458–480
13	Nandivarman	c. 480–500
14	Vishnugopavarman	c. 500–520
15	Candadanda	c. 520–540
16	Simhavarman III	c. 540–560
Later Pallava
17	Simhavishnu	c. 560–600
18	Mahendravarman I	c. 600–630
19	Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla)	c. 630–668
20	Mahendravarman II	c. 668–672
21	Paramesvaravarman I	c. 672–700
22	Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha)	c. 700–728
23	Paramesvaravarman II	c. 728–732
24	Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla)	c. 732–796
25	Thandivarman	c. 796–840
26	Nandivarman III	c. 840–869
27	Nrpatungavarman	c. 869–882
28	Aparajitavarman	c. 882–897

Aulikara Empire (c. 300 – 550 CE)[edit]

Rulers of First Aulikara dynasty-

• Jayavarma
• Simhavarma
• Naravarma
• Vishvavarma
• Bandhuvarma

Rulers of Second Aulikara dynasty-

• Drumavardhana
• Jayavardhana
• Ajitavardhana
• Vibhishanavardhana
• Rajyavardhana
• Prakashadharma
• Yashodharman (c. 515–545 CE)

Kadamba dynasties (345 – 1310 CE)[edit]

Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi (c. 345 – 540 CE)[edit]

Banavasi branch rulers-

• Mayurasharma (345–365)
• Kangavarma (365–390)
• Bhageerath (390–415)
• Raghu (415–435)
• Kakusthavarma (435–455)
• Santivarma (455–460)
• Shiva Mandhatri (460–475)
• Mrigeshavarma (475–485)
• Ravivarma (485–519)
• Harivarma (519–530)

Triparvatha branch rulers-

• Krishna Varma I (455–475)
• Vishnuvarma (475–485)
• Simhavarma (485–516)
• Krishna Varma II (516–540)

Kadamba dynasty of Goa (960 – 1345 CE)[edit]

• Shashthadeva I alis Kantakacharya (c. 960 CE), founder of dynasty
• Nagavarma
• Guhalladeva I
• Shashathadeva II
• Guhalladeva II (1038–1042)
• Veeravarmadeva ( 1042–1054)
• Jayakeshi I (1054–1080)
• Guhalladeva II alias Tribhuvanamalla (1080–1125)
• Vijayaditya I alias Vijayarka, (ruling prince up to 1104)
• Jayakeshi II (1125–1148)
• Shivachitta alis Paramadideva ( 1148–1179)
• Vishnuchitta alias Vijayaditya II (1179–1187)
• Jayakeshi III (1188–1216)
• Vajradeva alis Shivachitta (regin?)
• Sovideva alis Tribhuvanamalla (1216–1246?)
• Shashthadeva III (?1246–1265)
• Kamadeva (1265–1310), last known ruler of dynasty

Kadamba dynasty of Hangal (980 – 1275 CE)[edit]

known rulers are-

• Chattadeva (980–1031), founder of dynasty
• Kamadeva
• Somadeva
• Mayuravarma

Other minor Kadamba Kingdoms[edit]

Kadambas of Halasi

Kadambas of Bankapur

Kadambas of Bayalnad

Kadambas of Nagarkhanda

Kadambas of Uchchangi

Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)

Varman dynasty of Kamarupa (350–650 CE)[edit]

The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:^[52]

	Reign	Name	succession	Queen
1	350-374	Pushyavarman		(unknown)
2	374-398	Samudravarman	son of Pushyavarman	Dattadevi
3	398-422	Balavarman	son of Samudravarman	Ratnavati
4	422-446	Kalyanavarman	son of Balavarman	Gandharavati
5	446-470	Ganapativarman	son of Kalyanavarman	Yajnavati
6	470-494	Mahendravarman	son of Ganapativarman	Suvrata
7	494-518	Narayanavarman	son of Mahendravarman	Devavati
8	518-542	Bhutivarman	son of Narayanavarman	Vijnayavati
9	542-566	Chandramukhavarman	son of Bhutivarman	Bhogavati
10	566-590	Sthitavarman	son of Chandramukhavarman	Nayanadevi
11	590-595	Susthitavarman	son of Sthitavarman	Syamadevi
12	595-600	Supratisthitavarman	son of Susthitavarman	(Bachelor)
13	600-650	Bhaskaravarman	brother of Supratisthitavarman	(Bachelor)
14	650-655	Avanti Varman	(unknown)	(unknown)

Ganga dynasty (350–1424 CE)[edit]

Ruler		Reign	Capital	Notes
Konganivarma Madhava I		350-370	Talakad (Western)	Founder of the dynasty, who gained independence from the Pallava dynasty. He ruled the area around modern Kolar in the early 4th century.
Madhava II		370-390	Talakad (Western)
Harivarman		390-410	Talakad (Western)
Vishnugopa		410-430	Talakad (Western)
Madhava III Tadangala		430-469	Talakad (Western)
Avinita		469-529	Talakad (Western)
Indravarman I		498-537	Dantapuram (Eastern)	Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He is known from the Jirjingi copper plate grant.[53][54] Founder of the Eastern line of the family, which is probable to be descended from the Western one.
Durvinita		529-579	Talakad (Western)
Samantavarman		537-562	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Hastivarman		562-578	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Indravarman II		578-589	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Mushkara		579-604	Talakad (Western)
Danarnava		589-652	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Polavira		604-629	Talakad (Western)
Indravarman III		652-682	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Srivikrama		629-654	Talakad (Western)
Bhuvikrama		654-679	Talakad (Western)
Shivamara I		679-725	Talakad (Western)
Gunarnava		682-730	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Sripurusha		725-788	Talakad (Western)
Devendravarman I		730-780	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anantavarman I		780-812	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Shivamara II		788-816	Talakad (Western)	He was taken captive by the Rashtrakutas.
Rajendravarman		812-840	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rachamalla I		817-853	Talakad (Western)
Devendravarman II		840-895	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga I Ereganga		853-869	Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla II		869-907	Talakad (Western)
Gunamaharnava I		895-910	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga II Ereyappa		907-921	Talakad (Western)
Vajrahasta-Anangabhimadeva I		910-939	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Narasimha I		921-933	Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla III		933-938	Talakad (Western)
Butuga		938-961	Talakad (Western)	Ruled jointly, in 949.
Takkolam		949	Talakad (Western)
Gundama I		939-942	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Kamarnava I		942-977	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga III Marulaganga		961-963	Talakad (Western)
Narasimha II		963-975	Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla IV		975-986	Talakad (Western)
Vinayaditya		977-980	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Vajrahasta II		980-1015	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rachamalla V		986-999	Talakad (Western)
Neetimarga IV Permanadi		999	Talakad (Western)	In 999, after his death, the Western Ganga Empire was annexed by the Chola dynasty.
Annexed to the Chola Empire
Kamarnava II		1015	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Gundama II		1015-1018	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Madhukamarnava		1018-1038	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Vajrahasta III		1038-1070	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva I		1070-1078	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anantavarman II Chodaganga		1078-1150	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Jatesvaradeva		1150-1156	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Raghavadeva		1156-1170	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva II		1170-1178	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anangabhimadeva II		1178-1198	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva III		1198-1211	Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anangabhimadeva III		1211-1238	Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva I		1238-1264	Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva I		1264-1279	Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva II		1279-1306	Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva II		1306-1328	Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva III		1328-1352	Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva III		1352-1378	Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva IV		1378-1424	Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva IV		1424-1434	Kataka (Eastern)	After his death, the Empire was annexed to the Gajapati Kingdom.
Annexed to the Gajapati Kingdom

Other minor Ganga states[edit]

Gudari Kataka Ganga State[edit]

According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva.^[55]

• Kajjala Bhanu (or Bhanu Deva IV)
• Svarna Bhanu
• Kalasandha Deva
• Chudanga Deva
• Harimani Deva
• Narasimha Deva
• Ananta Deva
• Padmanabha Deva
• Pitambara Deva
• Vasudeva
• Purrushottama Anangabhima Deva (or Bhima Deva)

Chikiti Ganga State (c. 881–1950 CE)[edit]

Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman.^[56][57]

• Kesaba Rautara (or Bira Karddama Singha Rautara) (881–940)
• Balabhadra Rautara (941–997)
• Madhaba Rautara (998–1059)
• Languli Rautara (1060–1094)
• Mohana Rautara (1095–1143)
• Balarama Rautara (1144–1197)
• Biswanatha Rautara (1198–1249)
• Harisarana Rautara (1250–1272)
• Raghunatha Rautara (1273–1313)
• Dinabandhu Rautara (1314–1364)
• Gopinatha Rautara (1365–1417)
• Ramachandra Rautara (1418–1464)
• Narayana Rautara (1465–1530)
• Narasingha Rautara (1531–1583)
• Lokanatha Rautara (1584–1633)
• Jadumani Rautara (1634–1691)
• Madhusudana Rajendra Deba (1692–1736)
• Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1737–1769)
• Krusnachandra Rajendra Deba (1770–1790)
• Pitambara Rajendra Deba (1791–1819)
• Gobindachandra Rajendra Deba (1820–1831)
• Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1832–1835)
• Brundabanachandra Rajendra Deba (1835–1846)
• Jagannatha Rajendra Deba (1847–1855)
• Biswambhara Rajendra Deba (1856–1885)
• Kisorachandra Rajendra Deba (1885–1903)
• Radhamohana Rajendra Deba (1903–1923)
• Gaurachandra Rajendra Deba (1923–1934)
• Sachhidananda Rajendra Deba (1934–1950)

Parlakhemundi Ganga State (c. 1309–1950)[edit]

Parlakhemundi state rulers were the direct descendants of the Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers of Odisha.^[58][59]

• Narasingha Deba (1309–1320)
• Madanrudra Deba (1320–1339)
• Narayana Rudra Deba (1339–1353)
• Ananda Rudra Deba (1353–1354)
• Ananda Rudra Deba (1354–1367)
• Jayarudra Deba (1367–1399)
• Lakhsmi Narasingha Deba (1399–1418)
• Madhukarna Gajapati (1418–1441)
• Murtunjaya Bhanu Deba (1441–1467)
• Madhaba Bhanu Deba (1467–1495)
• Chandra Betal Bhanu Deba (1495–1520)
• Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba (1520–1550)
• Sibalinga Narayan Bhanudeo (1550–1568)
• Subarna Kesari Govinda Gajapati Narayan Deo (1568–1599)
• Mukunda Rudra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1599–1619)
• Mukunda Deo (1619–1638)
• Ananta Padmanabh Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1638–1648)
• Sarbajgan Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1648–1664)
• Narahari Narayan Deo (1664–1691)
• Bira Padmanabh Narayan Deo II (1691–1706)
• Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1706–1736)
• Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (1736–1771)
• Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1771–1803)
• Purushottam Gajapati Narayan Deo (1803–1806)
• Jagannath Gajapati Narayan Deo III (1806–1850)
• Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1850–1885)
• Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1885–1904)
• Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1913–1950)
• Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1950 – 25 May 1974), titular
• Gopinath Gajapati Narayan Deo (25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020), titular
• Kalyani Gajapati (10 January 2020–present), titular

Traikutaka dynasty (c. 370–520 CE)[edit]

The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta Empire:^[60]

• Maharaja Indradatta (415–440 CE)
• Maharaja Dahrasena
• Maharaja Vyaghrasena, son of Dahrasena (480 CE)
• Maharaja Madhyamasena
• Vikramasena

Vishnukundina dynasty (c. 420–624 CE)[edit]

• Madhava Varma I (420–455)
• Indra Varma (455–461)
• Madhava Verma II (461–508)
• Vikramendra Varma I (508–528)
• Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–580)
• Janssraya Madhava Varma IV (580–624)^[53][54]

Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi (c. 475–776 CE)[edit]

• Bhatarka (c. 475–492)
• Dharasena I (c. 493–499)
• Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–520)
• Dhruvasena I (c. 520–550)
• Dharapatta (c. 550–556)
• Guhasena (c. 556–570)
• Dharasena II (c. 570–595)
• Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–615)
• Kharagraha I (c. 615–626)
• Dharasena III (c. 626–640)
• Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–644)
• Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–651)
• Dhruvasena III (c. 651–656)
• Kharagraha II (c. 656–662)
• Siladitya II
• Siladitya III
• Siladitya IV
• Siladitya V
• Siladitya VI
• Siladitya VII (c. 766 CE)^[61]

Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE)[edit]

• Rai Diwa ji (Devaditya)
• Rai Sahiras (Shri Harsha)
• Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena)
• Rai Sahiras II, died battling the King of Nimroz
• Rai Sahasi II, the last of the line

Chalukya dynasty (c. 500–1200 CE)[edit]

Ruler		Reign	Capital	Notes
Jayasimha I		500–520	Badami	Founder of the dynasty. He ruled the area around modern Bijapur in the early 6th century.
Ranaraga		520–540	Badami
Pulakeshin I		540–567	Badami	He ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka states in the western Deccan region of India.
Kirtivarman I		567–592	Badami	He expanded the Chalukya kingdom by defeating the Nalas, the Mauryas of Konkana, the Kadambas, the Alupas, and the Gangas of Talakad.
Mangalesha		592–610	Badami	Brother of Kirtivarman. Expanded the Chalukya power in present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra after defeating the Kalachuri king Buddharaja. He also consolidated his rule in the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa after conquering Revati-dvipa from the rebel Chalukya governor Svamiraja. His reign ended when he lost a war of succession to his nephew Pulakeshin II, a son of Kirttivarman I.
Pulakeshin II		610–642	Badami	Son of Kirtivarman I, he overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. Suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. Consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. He was victorious against the powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana. He also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.
Kubja Vishnuvardhana I		615/24–641	Vengi (Eastern)	Brother of Pulakeshin II. Ruled under him as viceroy in Vengi, and then declared independence in 624.
Jayasimha I (II)		641–673	Vengi (Eastern)
Adityavarman		642–645	Badami	First son of Pulakeshin II. Probably ruled under the Pallavas.
Abhinavaditya		645–646	Badami	Son of the predecessor.
Chandraditya		646–649	Badami	Second son of Pulakeshin II.
Regency of Vijaya-Bhattarika (649-655)				Regent for her minor son. She was deposed by her brother-in-law.
A son of Chandraditya		649-655	Badami
Satyashraya		c.650-675	Vemulavada	Founder of the branch, possibly son of Pulakshin II.
Vikramaditya I		655–680	Badami	He restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital.
Indra Bhattaraka		673	Vengi (Eastern)	Brother of Jayasimha II. Ruled for a week.
Vishnuvardhana II		673–682	Vengi (Eastern)
Prithvipathi		c.675-700	Vemulavada
Vinayaditya		680–696	Badami	He carried campaigns against the Pallavas, Kalabhras, Haihayas, Vilas, Cholas, Pandyas, Gangas and many more.
Mangi Yuvaraja		682–706	Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya I		696–733	Badami	His long reign was marked by general peace and prosperity. Vijayaditya also built a number of temples. He fought against the Pallavas and extracted tributes from Parameshwar Varma V.
Maharaja		c.700-725	Vemulavada
Jayasimha III		706–718	Vengi (Eastern)
Kokkli		718–719	Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnuvardhana III		719–755	Vengi (Eastern)
Rajaditya		c.725-750	Vemulavada
Vikramaditya II		733–746	Badami	Conducted successful military campaigns against their enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, in three occasions: the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II.
Kirtivarman II Rahappa		746- 757	Badami	His reign was continuously troubled by the growing power of the Rashtrakutas and Pandyas. He finallt succumbed to the Rashtrakutas, who ended the power of the family in Badami.
Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla I		c.750-775	Vemulavada
Vijayaditya I (II)		755–772	Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnuvardhana IV		755–808	Vengi (Eastern)
Arikesari I		c.775-800	Vemulavada
Narasimha I		c.800-825	Vemulavada
Vijayaditya II (III)		808–847	Vengi (Eastern)	His first military victories against the Rashtrakutas made the path for the independence of the dynasty from this occupant.
Yuddhamalla II		c.825-850	Vemulavada
Kali Vishnuvardhana V		847–849	Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya III (IV)		849–892	Vengi (Eastern)	Brothers, ruled together.
Vikramaditya I (III)			Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla I			Vengi (Eastern)
Baddega I Soladaganda		c.850-895	Vemulavada
Bhima I		892–921	Vengi (Eastern)	During his rule, Vengi could claim some independence as capital from the Rashtrakutas.
Yuddhamalla III		c.895-915	Vemulavada
Narasimha II		c.915-930	Vemulavada
Vijayaditya IV (V)		921	Vengi (Eastern)
Amma I		921–927	Vengi (Eastern)	Probably brothers, ruled jointly.
Vishnuvardhana VI			Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya V (VI)		927	Vengi (Eastern)	Ruled for fifteen days.
Tadapa		927	Vengi (Eastern)	Ruled for a month.
Vikramaditya II (IV)		927–928	Vengi (Eastern)
Bhima II		928–929	Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla II		929–935	Vengi (Eastern)
Arikesari II		c.930-941	Vemulavada
Bhima III		935–947	Vengi (Eastern)
Baddega II		941-946	Vemulavada	Ruled jointly.
Vagaraja		941-950	Vemulavada
Arikesari III		946/950-968	Vemulavada
Annexed to the Western Chalukya Empire
Amma II		947–970	Vengi (Eastern)
Danarnava		970–973	Vengi (Eastern)	Deposed by Jata Choda Bhima. Sought for help within the Chola Empire.
Tailapa II Ahvamalla		973–997	Kalyani (Western)	6th great-grandson of Vijayaditya I. Ousted the Rashtrakutas in the West and recovered the power once held by his family.
Jata Choda Bhima		973–999	Vengi (Eastern)
Satyashraya		997–1008	Kalyani (Western)
Shaktivarman I		999–1011	Vengi (Eastern)	First son of Danarnava. Returned from exile and recovered his throne. Now free from the usurper, however Eastern Vengi dynasty lost some of the independence they have gained some generations ago. Begin of the growing Chola influence in Vengi kingdom.
Vikramaditya V		1008–1015	Kalyani (Western)	Nephew of Satyahraya, as son of his brother, Dashavarman.
Vimaladitya		1011–1018	Vengi (Eastern)	Second son of Danarnava. In his exile period with his father and brother, he was married to Kundavai, daughter of Rajaraja I from the Chola Empire.
Jayasimha II (III)		1015–1043	Kalyani (Western)	He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the Paramara dynasty in the north, to protect his kingdom. His rule however was an important period of development of Kannada literature. He saw his cousins in Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South. But, at the same time, he consolidated more firmly the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan.
Rajaraja Narendra		1018–1061	Vengi (Eastern)	Son of Vimaladitya, had support in the throne from the Cholas, whose influence grew significantly. He supported Cholas against his cousins, the Western Chalukyas. His own son managed to succeed in the Chola Empire, in 1070, as Kulottunga I, beginning the Later Cholas period, in which the Chola Empire was ruled by a branch of the Eastern Chalukyas renamed Chola, which inherited Narendra's kingdom. It's possible, then, that the following rulers were governors for the Chola Emperor ruling Eastern Chalukya territory: Shaktivarman II (1061-1062); Vijayaditya VII (1062-1075), also son of Vimaladitya, but half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra. Ascended with support from Western Chalukyas. Rajaraja (1075-1079) Vishuvardhana VII (1079-1102), last known Chalukya ruler of Vengi.
Annexed to the Chola Empire (1061-1118); Annexed to the Western Chalukya Empire (since 1118)
Someshvara I Trilokyamalla		1042–1068	Kalyani (Western)	His several military successes in Central India made him a formidable ruler of a vast empire. During his rule, the Chalukyan empire extended to Gujarat and Central India in the north.
Someshvara II Bhuvanaikamalla		1068–1076	Kalyani (Western)	First son of Someshvara I, deposed by his younger brother, Vikramaditya.
Vikramaditya VI Tribhuvanamalla		1076–1126	Kalyani (Western)	Second son of Someshvara I. Under his reign, the Western Chalukya Empire reached its zenith. He is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. Intervened in Chola politics, sitting his brother-in-law, Athirajendra Chola, on the Chola Empire throne.
Someshvara III		1126–1138	Kalyani (Western)	He was a noted historian, scholar, and poet, and authored the Sanskrit encyclopedic text Manasollasa touching upon such topics as polity, governance, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, medicine, food, architecture, painting, poetry and music: making his work a valuable modern source of socio-cultural information of the 11th- and 12th-century India.
Jagadhekamalla II		1138–1151	Kalyani (Western)	His rule saw the slow decline of the Chalukya empire with the loss of Vengi entirely, though he was still able to control the Hoysalas in the south and the Seuna and Paramara in the north.
Tailapa III		1151–1164	Kalyani (Western)	Faced many feudatory risings against Chalukya rule.
Jagadhekamalla III		1164–1183	Kalyani (Western)	His rule was completely overshowded by the emergence of the Southern Kalachuris under Bijjala II who took control of Kalyani. He had to escape to the Banavasi region.
Someshvara IV		1183–1200	Kalyani (Western)	Recovered his capital, by defeating the Kalachuris, but failed to prevent his old allies, Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasty, who, after deposing Someshvara by 1200, divided his empire among themselves.
Annexed to the Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasties

Shahi Kingdom (c. 500–1026 CE)[edit]

In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two Dynasties ruled (both were Hindu dynasties) from:

• Turk Shahi (c. 500–850 CE)
• Hindu Shahi (c. 850–1026 CE)

Turk Shahi dynasty (c. 500–850 CE)[edit]

• Nandin Rulers of Gilgit (500–552)
• Khingala of Kapisa (535–552)
• Patoladeva / Navasurendradiyta (552–575)
• Srideva / Surendra Vikrmadiyta (575–605)
• Patoladeva / Vajraditya (605–645)
• Barha Tegin (645–680)
• Tegin Sha (680–739)
• Fromo Kesar / Gesar (739–755)

Hindu Shahi dynasty (c. 850–1026 CE)[edit]

• Samantadeva Kallar / Lalliya (850–895), first ruler of dynasty
• Kamalavarmadeva / Kamaluka (895–921)
• Bhimadeva (921–964)
• Ishtthapala (ruled 8 months)
• Jayapala (964–1001)
• Anandapala (1001–1010)
• Trilochanapala (1010–22) assassinated by mutinous troops)
• Bhimapala (died in 1022–1026), last ruler of dynasty

Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 500 – 647 CE)[edit]

Rulers-

List of Pushyabhuti dynasty rulers

Ruler	Reign (CE)	Notes
Pushyabhuti	~500
Nāravardhana	500–525
Rājyavardhana I	525–555
Ādityvardhana	555–580
Prabhākaravardhana	580–605
Rājyavardhana II	605–606
Harṣavardhana	606–647

Jaintia Kingdom (c. 525–1835 CE)[edit]

Old dynasty[edit]

1. Urmi Rani (?-550)
2. Krishak Pator (550–570)
3. Hatak (570–600)
4. Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia[edit]

1. Jayanta (630–660)
2. Joymalla (660-?)
3. Mahabal (?)
4. Bancharu (?-1100)
5. Kamadeva (1100–1120)
6. Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty[edit]

1. Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130)
2. Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150)
3. Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170)
4. Manik Rai (1170–1193)
5. Jayanta Rai (1193–1210)
6. Jayanti Devi
7. Bara Gossain

New dynasty[edit]

1. Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
2. Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
3. Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
4. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
5. Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
6. Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
7. Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
8. Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
9. Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
10. Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
11. Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
12. Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
13. Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
14. Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
15. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
16. Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
17. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
18. Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
19. Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780–1785)
20. Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
21. Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786–1790)
22. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
23. Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)^[62][63]

Early Medieval Period (c. 550s CE – c. 1200s CE)[edit]

Kalachuri dynasties (c. 550 – 1225 CE)[edit]

Kalachuri dynasty of Mahishmati/Malwa (Early Kalachuris) (c. 550 – 625 CE)[edit]

The following are the known rulers of the Kalachuri dynasty of Malwa with their estimated reigns (IAST names in brackets):^[64]

• Krishnaraja (Kṛṣṇarāja) (r. c. 550–575 CE)
• Shankaragana (Śaṃkaragaṇa) (r. c. 575–600 CE)
• Buddharaja (Buddharāja) (r. c. 600–625 CE)

Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri/Chedi (Later Kalachuris) (c. 675 – 1212 CE)[edit]

Rulers-

• Vamaraja-deva (675–700 CE), founder of dynasty
• Shankaragana I (750–775 CE)
• Lakshmana-raja I (825–850 CE)
• Kokalla I (850–890 CE); his younger son established the Ratnapura Kalachuri branch
• Shankaragana II (890–910 CE), alias Mugdhatunga
• Balaharsha (910–915 CE)
• Yuvaraja-deva I (915–945 CE)
• Lakshmana-raja II (945–970 CE)
• Shankaragana III (970–980 CE)
• Yuvaraja-deva II (980–990 CE)
• Kokalla II (990–1015 CE)
• Gangeya-deva (1015–1041 CE)
• Lakshmi-karna (1041–1073 CE), alias Karna
• Yashah-karna (1073–1123 CE)
• Gaya-karna (1123–1153 CE)
• Nara-simha (1153–1163 CE)
• Jaya-simha (1163–1188 CE)
• Vijaya-simha (1188–1210 CE)
• Trailokya-malla (c. 1210– at least 1212 CE), last ruler^[65]

Kalachuri dynasty of Ratnapura (c. 1000 – 1225 CE)[edit]

The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns:^[66]

• Kalinga-raja (1000–1020 CE), founder of dynasty
• Kamala-raja (1020–1045 CE)
• Ratna-raja (1045–1065 CE), alias Ratna-deva I
• Prithvi-deva I (1065–1090 CE), alias Prithvisha
• Jajalla-deva I (1090–1120 CE) (declared independence)
• Ratna-Deva II (1120–1135 CE)
• Prithvi-deva II (1135–1165 CE)
• Jajalla-deva II (1165–1168 CE)
• Jagad-deva (1168–1178 CE)
• Ratna-deva III (1178–1200 CE)
• Pratapa-malla (1200–1225 CE)
• Parmardi Dev (governor of Eastern Gangas)

Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani (Southern Kalachuris) (c. 1130 – 1184 CE)[edit]

Rulers-

• Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 CE
• Sovideva (1168–1176)
• Mallugi, overthrown by his brother Sankama
• Sankama (1176–1180)
• Ahavamalla (1180–83)
• Singhana (1183–84), last ruler

Patola/Gilgit Shahi dynasty (c. 550 – 750 CE)[edit]

Regin of known rulers is disputed-^[67][68]

• Somana (Mid 6th century CE)
• Vajraditayanandin (585–605 CE)
• Vikramadityanandin (605–625 CE)
• Surendravikramadityanandin (625–644 or 654 CE)
• Navasurendrāditya-nandin (644 or 654–685 CE)
• Jayamaṅgalavikramāditya-nandin (685–710 CE)
• Nandivikramadityanandin (710–715 CE)
• Su-fu-che-li-chi-li-ni (name by foreign sources) (715–720 CE)
• Surendradityanandin (720–740 or 750 CE), last known ruler

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550 – 1036 CE)[edit]

Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (Mandor) (c. 550 – 860 CE)[edit]

R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years.

• Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi (r. c. 550 CE), founder of dynasty
• Rajilla (r. c. 575 CE)
• Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli (r. c. 600 CE)
• Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada (r. c. 625 CE)
• Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja (r. c. 650 CE)
• Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana) (r. c. 675 CE)
• Chanduka (Canduka) (r. c. 700 CE)
• Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka (r. c. 725 CE)
• Jhota (r. c. 750 CE)
• Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (r. c. 775 CE)
• Kakka (r. c. 800 CE)
• Bauka (Bāuka) (r. c. 825 CE)
• Kakkuka (r. c. 861 CE), last ruler

Imperial Pratiharas of Kannauj (c. 730 – 1036 CE)[edit]

List of rulers–

List of Imperial Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty rulers

Serial No.	Ruler	Reign (CE)
1	Nagabhata I	730–760
2	Kakustha and Devaraja	760–780
3	Vatsaraja	780–800
4	Nagabhata II	800–833
5	Ramabhadra	833–836
6	Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I	836–885
7	Mahendrapala I	885–910
8	Bhoja II	910–913
9	Mahipala I	913–944
10	Mahendrapala II	944–948
11	Devapala	948–954
12	Vinayakapala	954–955
13	Mahipala II	955–956
14	Vijayapala II	956–960
15	Rajapala	960–1018
16	Trilochanapala	1018–1027
17	Yasahpala	1024–1036

Other Pratihara Branches[edit]

Baddoch Branch (c. 600 – 700 CE)

Known Baddoch rulers are-

• Dhaddha 1 (600–627)
• Dhaddha 2 (627–655)
• Jaibhatta (655–700)

Rajogarh Branch

Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

• Parmeshver Manthandev, (885–915)
• No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev

Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasties (c. 551 – 1315 CE)[edit]

The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included–

• Chahamanas of Shakambhari (Chauhans of Ajmer) (c. 551 – 1194 CE)
• Chahamanas of Naddula (Chauhans of Nadol) (c. 950 – 1197 CE)
• Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
• Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari
• Chahamanas of Chandravati and Abu (Kingdom of Sirohi) (c. 1311 – 1949 CE)
• Chahamanas of Lata
• Chahamanas of Dholpur
• Chahamanas of Partabgarh
• Hada Chauhan kingdoms of Hadoti region are–
  • Kingdom of Bundi (c. 1342 – 1949 CE)
  • Kingdom of Kota (c. 1579 – 1948 CE)
  • Kingdom of Jhalawar (c. 1838 – 1949 CE), branched off from the Kingdom of Kota in 1838 CE.

Chahamanas of Sambhar Ajmer and Delhi (c. 551 – 1194 CE)[edit]

Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of Shakambhari, Ajmer and Delhi with approximate period of reign, as estimated historian by R. B. Singh:^[69]

Serial no.	Regnal names	Reign (CE)	Notes
1	Chahamana	(mythical)	Ancient founder of Chahamana clan
2	Vasu-deva	c. 551 CE (disputed)	First known ruler of the dynasty. He ruled the Sapadalaksha region and made Shakambhari (modern Sambhar) as capital.
3	Samanta-raja	684–709	Identified as the ancient King Manik Rai by R. B. Singh.
4	Nara-deva	709–721	Naradeva was succeeded by his brother Ajayaraja I.
5	Ajaya-raja I	721–734	According to Prithviraja Vijaya, he was a great warrior who defeated several enemies.
6	Vigraha-raja I	734–759	He achieved military successes upon neighbouring kingdom.
7	Chandra-raja I	759–771	Chandraraja I was a son of the Chahamana king Vigraharaja I. He was succeeded by his brother Gopendraraja.
8	Gopendra-raja	771–784	The Prabandha-Kosha states that Gopendra defeated Arab invader Muhammad bin Qasim in a battle.
9	Durlabha-raja I	784–809	He achieved military success against the Pala Empire king Dharmapala as a vassal of the Pratihara emperor Vatsaraja.
10	Govinda-raja I alias Guvaka I	809–836	The Harsha stone inscription suggests that he was a vassal the Pratihara emperor Nagabhata II.
11	Chandra-raja II	836–863	He was succeeded by his son Govindaraja II.
12	Govindaraja II alias Guvaka II	863–890	The Harsha stone inscription describes Govinda II as a warrior. He married his sister to Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja.
13	Chandana-raja	890–917	According to the Harsha stone inscription, Chandana defeated a Tomara ruler named Rudra (Chandrapala).
14	Vakpati-raja	917–944	His younger son established the Naddula Chahamana branch in 950 CE.
15	Simha-raja	944–971	He was the first independent ruler of dynasty. He had assume the title of Maharajadhiraja.
16	Vigraha-raja II	971–998	He joined an alliance formed by the ruler of Lahore against the Ghaznavid ruler Sabuktigin.
17	Durlabha-raja II	998–1012	He assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. He joined a confederacy of Hindu kings to support Anandapala in Battle of Chach against invasion Mahmud of Ghazni in 1008 CE.
18	Govinda-raja III	1012–1026	The Prabandha Kosha states that he defeated Mahmud of Ghazni badly.
19	Vakpati-raja II	1026–1040	Later texts claimed that he defeated Bhoja, the Paramara king of Malwa.
20	Viryarama	1040 (few months)	Paramara king Bhoja attacked Chahamana kingdom and defeated him.
21	Chamunda-raja	1040–1065	He have defeated a Muslim army led by a Ghaznavid Sultan or general.
22	Durlabha-raja III alias Duśala	1065–1070	He conquered military successes upon neighbouring kingdom.
23	Vigraha-raja III alias Visala	1070–1090	He defeated Shahab-ud-Din (general of Ibrahim of Ghazna).
24	Prithvi-raja I	1090–1110	After defeating Muslim invaders he adopted titles as Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara.
25	Ajaya-raja II	1110–1135	He founded the city of Ajmer and moved his capital there.
26	Arno-raja alias Ana	1135–1150	His title as Maharajadhiraja-Parameshvara.
27	Jagad-deva	1150	Some sources claimed that he ascended Chahamana throne after killing his father.
28	Vigraha-raja IV alias Visaladeva	1150–1164	The Chahaman kingdom reached its zenith under him.
29	Apara-gangeya	1164–1165	He have ascended the throne as a minor, and ruled for a very short period.
30	Prithvi-raja II	1165–1169	He probably died heirless, so he was succeeded by his uncle Someshvara.
31	Someshvara	1169–1178	He adopted title of Pratāpalaṃkeśvara.
32	Prithviraja III Rai Pithora	1177–1192	Last effective ruler of the dynasty who was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain against Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 CE.
33	Govinda-raja IV	1192	Ghurid vassal who later established the Chahamana branch of Ranastambhapura in 1192 CE.
34	Hari-raja	1193–1194	Last ruler of Chauhan dynasty branch of Ajmer.

Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950 – 1197 CE)[edit]

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

List of Chauhan rulers of Naddula

Serial no.	Kings	Reign (CE)
1	Lakshmana	950–982
2	Shobhita	982–986
3	Baliraja	986–990
4	Vigrahapala	990–994
5	Mahindra	994–1015
6	Ashvapala	1015–1019
7	Ahila	1019–1024
8	Anahilla	1024–1055
9	Balaprasada	1055–1070
10	Jendraraja	1070–1080
11	Prithvipala	1080–1090
12	Jojalladeva	1090–1110
13	Asharaja	1110–1119
14	Ratnapala	1119–1132
15	Rayapala	1132–1145
16	Katukaraja	1145–1148
17	Alhanadeva	1148–1163
18	Kelhanadeva	1163–1193
19	Jayatasimha	1193–1197

Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE)[edit]

The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows:^[70]

Virama-deva (1311 CE) was last ruler of dynasty, crowned during the Siege of Jalore, but died 21⁄2 days later.^[71][72]

List of Chauhan rulers of Jalor

Serial no.	Kings	Reign (CE)
1	Kirti-pala	1160–1182
2	Samara-simha	1182–1204
3	Udaya-simha	1204–1257
4	Chachiga-deva	1257–1282
5	Samanta-simha	1282–1305
6	Kanhada-deva	1292–1311
7	Virama-deva	1311

Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE)[edit]

List of Chauhan rulers of Ranastambhapura

Serial no.	Kings	Reign (CE)
1	Govinda-raja	1192
2	Balhana-deva
3	Prahlada-deva
4	Viranarayana
5	Vagabhata
6	Jaitra-simha
7	Shakti-deva
8	Hammira-deva	1283–1311

Kingdom of Mewar (c. 566 – 1947 CE)[edit]

In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:

1. Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar– most important branch and future ruling dynasty of Mewar.
2. Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur)
3. Guhilas of Dhavagarta (modern Dhor)

Guhila dynasty (c. 566 – 1303 CE)[edit]

List of Guhila dynasty rulers

Nu.	King (Rawal)	Reign (CE)	Notes
1	Rawal Guhil	566–586
2	Rawal Bhoj	586–606
3	Rawal Mahendra I	606–626
4	Rawal Naga (Nagaditya)	626–646
5	Rawal Shiladitya	646–661
6	Rawal Aprajeet	661–688
7	Rawal Mahendra II	688–716
8	Bappa Rawal	728–753
9	Rawal Khuman I	753–773
10	Rawal Mattat	773–793
11	Rawal Bhartri Bhatt I	793–813
12	Rawal Sinh	813–828
13	Rawal Khuman II	828–853
14	Rawal Mahayak	853–878
15	Rawal Khuman III	878–926
16	Rawal Bhartri Bhatt II	926–951
17	Rawal Allat	951–971
18	Rawal Narwahan	971–973
19	Rawal Saliwahan	973–977
20	Rawal Shakti Kumar	977–993
21	Rawal Amba Prasad	993–1007
22	Rawal Shuchivarma	1007–1021
23	Rawal Narvarma	1021–1035
24	Rawal Keertivarma	1035–1051
25	Rawal Yograj	1051–1068
26	Rawal Vairath	1068–1088
27	Rawal Hanspal	1088–1103
28	Rawal Vair Singh	1103–1107
29	Rawal Vijai Singh	1107–1116
30	Rawal Ari Singh I	1116–1138
31	Rawal Chaudh Singh	1138–1148
32	Rawal Vikram Singh	1148–1158
33	Rawal Ran Singh	1158–1168
Post-split Rawal branch rulers
34	Rawal Khshem Singh	1168–1172
35	Rawal Samant Singh	1172–1179
36	Rawal Kumar Singh	1179–1191
37	Rawal Mathan Singh	1191–1211
38	Rawal Padam Singh	1211–1213
39	Rawal Jaitra Singh	1213–1252
40	Rawal Tej Singh	1252–1273
41	Rawal Samar Singh	1273–1302
42	Rawal Ratan Singh	1302–1303

Branching of Guhil dynasty[edit]

During reign of Rawal Ran Singh (1158–1168), the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches.

First (Rawal Branch)

Rawal Khshem Singh (1168–1172), son of Ran Singh, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch.

Second (Rana Branch)

Rahapa, the second son of Ran Singh started the Rana Branch by establishing Sisoda bases. Later Hammir Singh of Sisoda base started main Sisodia or Mewar dynasty in 1326 CE.

Rana branch rulers (c. 1168 – 1326 CE)[edit]

"Rahapa", a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

List of Rana branch rulers

Nu.	King (Rana)	Reign (CE)	Notes
1	Rahapa/Karna	1168 CE
2	Narapati
3	Dinakara
4	Jasakarna
5	Nagapala
6	Karnapala
7	Bhuvanasimha
8	Bhimasimha
9	Jayasimha
10	Lakhanasimha
11	Arisimha
12	Hammir Singh	1326 CE

Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326 – 1947 CE)[edit]

Picture	King (Maharana)	Reign	Notes
	Hammir Singh	1326–1364	He attacked Chittor in 1326 and re-took it from the Khiljis after the family lost it in 1303. Defeated Muhammad Bin Tughluq in SSingoli taking the sultan himself a prisoner of war. Captured Ajmer, Ranthambor, Nagaur and Sopore.[73]
	Kshetra Singh	1364–1382	Hammir's son, he captured Madalgarh and Bundi, completely annexed Ajmer. He also defeated Amin Shah of Malwa at the "Battle of Bakrole" and inflicted heavy casualties. His death can actually by as late as 1405.[74]
	Lakha Singh	1382–1421	Khsetra's son, he was defeated multiple battles by Zafar Khan of Gujrat, but the territories were recovered. He rebuilt temples and shrines destroyed by Allaudin Khilji.[75]
	Mokal Singh	1421–1433	Lakha's son, he defeated the Sultan of Nagaur and Gujrat. Later the sultan of Gujrat invaded Mewar and during this invasion. He was assassinated by his uncles Chacha and Mera.[76]
	Rana Kumbha	1433–1468	Mokal's son, he first attacked and killed his fathers assassins. Defeated the Sultans of Nagaur, Gujarat and Malwa. Mewar became the strongest kingdom in North India. Built multiple strong forts in Mewar.[77]
	Udai Singh I	1468–1473	Kumbha' son, he assassinated his father and was then defeated by his brother.[78]
	Rana Raimal	1473–1508	Son of Kumbha, he killed his brother for assassinating his father. Fought against Malwa sultanate.[79][80]
	Rana Sanga	1508–1527	Raimal's son, defeated the Sultan of Gujrat, Malwa and Delhi. Under his rule Mewar reached its pinnacle in power and prosperity. Eventually defeated by Babur.[81][82]
	Ratan Singh II	1528–1531	Sanga's son, defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.[83]
	Vikramaditya Singh	1531–1536	Sanga's son, assassinated by his cousin Vanvir Singh.[84]
	Vanvir Singh	1536–1540	Usurper of the throne. Defeated and expelled by his cousin Udai Singh II.[85]
	Udai Singh II	1540–1572	Sanga's son, defeated Vanvir. Fought against Mughals and was defeated in Siege of Chittorgarh.[86][87]
	Maharana Pratap	1572–1597	Udai's son, notable for his military resistance against the Mughals.[88]
	Amar Singh I	1597–1620	Pratap's son, notable for his struggle against Mughals.[89]
	Karan Singh II	1620–1628	Amar's son, maintained good relations with Mughals, built many temples, forts and strengthened existing ones.[90]
	Jagat Singh I	1628–1652	Karan's son, attempted to restore fort of Chittor but Shah Jahan blocked his attempt.
	Raj Singh I	1652–1680	Jagat's son, fought and defeated Mughals many times. Regained territory and increased the wealth of the kingdom. Fought against Aurangzeb. Eventually poisoned by Aurangzeb's loyalists.[91][92][93]
	Jai Singh	1680–1698	Raj's son, struggled to regain captured parts of Mewar from Mughals.[94]
	Amar Singh II	1698–1710	Jai's son, invaded neighboring territories, formed an alliance against the Mughals with Jaipur and Marwar. Capitalized over a weak Mughal empire.[95]
	Sangram Singh II	1710–1734	Amar's son, defeated Ranabaaz Khan at the Battle of Bandanwara. Reestablished relations with a weak Mughal emperor.
	Jagat Singh II	1734–1751	Sangram's son, started paying Chauth to the Marathas. Heavily invested in placing Sawai Madho Singh on the throne of Jaipur, eventually bankrupting Mewar.
	Pratap Singh II	1751–1754	Jagat's son.
	Raj Singh II	1754–1762	Pratap's son, paid heavy tribute to Maratha's, financially devastating Mewar.
	Ari Singh II	1762–1772	Raj's son, under him, Maratha's raided Mewar multiple times for not paying tribute.
	Hamir Singh II	1772–1778	Ari's son, underaged when became Rana and died.
	Bhim Singh	1778–1828	Hamir's brother, under him Mewar was repeatedly raided by Pindaris, Marwar and Jaipur fought for his daughter Krishna Kumari. Accepted sub ordinance of East India Company.
	Jawan Singh	1828–1838	Bhim's son, abused alcohol, not interested in ruling Mewar. Mewar racked up a lot of debt under his rule.
	Sardar Singh	1838–1842	Jawan's son
	Swarup Singh	1842–1861	Ruler during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
	Shambhu Singh	1861–1874	Focused on reform of education and social reforms.
	Sajjan Singh	1874–1884	Shambhu's ruler.
	Fateh Singh	1884–1930	Sajjan's son
	Bhupal Singh	1930–1948 1948-1955 (titular)	Signed the Instrument of Accession to India, dissolving his kingdom into the India. Titular ruler from 1955
	Titular Maharanas
	Bhagwat Singh	1955–1984	Lost the Privy Purse.
	Mahendra Singh	1984–present	Present ruler

Gauda Kingdom (c. 590 – 626 CE)[edit]

• Shashanka (590–625 CE), first recorded independent king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal
• Manava (625–626 CE), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardhana and Bhaskarvarman

Karkota dynasty of Kashmir (c. 625–855 CE)[edit]

• Durlabhavardhana (625–662), (founder of the dynasty)
• Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya (662–712)
• Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya (712–720)
• Tarapida or Udayaditya (720–724)
• Lalitaditya Muktapida (724–760), (built the famous Martand Sun Temple in Kashmir)
• Kuvalayaditya (760–761)
• Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida (761–768)
• Prithivyapida I (768–772)
• Sangramapida (772–779)
• Jayapida (also Pandit and poet) (779–813)
• Lalitapida (813–825)
• Sangramapida II (825–832)
• Chipyata-Jayapida (832–885), (last ruler of dynasty)

Other puppet rulers under Utpala dynasty are

• Ajitapida
• Anangapida
• Utpalapida
• Sukhavarma

Chacha dynasty of Sindh (c. 632–724 CE)[edit]

The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are:^[96]

• Chach (632–671 CE)
• Chandar (671–679 CE)
• Dahir (679–712 CE)

Under the Umayyad Caliphate

• Dahirsiya (679–709 CE) from Brahmanabad
• Hullishāh (712–724 CE)
• Shishah (until 724 CE)

Mlechchha dynasty of Kamarupa (650–900 CE)[edit]

• Salastamba (650–670), founder of dynasty
• Vijaya alias Vigrahastambha
• Palaka
• Kumara
• Vajradeva
• Harshadeva alias Harshavarman (725–745)
• Balavarman II
• Jivaraja
• Digleswaravarman
• Salambha^[97]
• Harjjaravarman (815–832)
• Vanamalavarmadeva (832–855)
• Jayamala alias Virabahu (855–860)
• Balavarman III (860–880)
• Tyagasimha (890–900), last ruler of dynasty

Garhwal Kingdom (c. 688–1949 CE)[edit]

Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.^[98][99]

Rulers of Garhwal - Panwar clan of Garhwali Rajputs

No.	Name	Reign	Years Reigned	No.	Name	Reign	Years Reigned	No.	Name	Reign	Years Reigned
1	Kanak Pal	688–699	11	21	Vikram Pal	1116–1131	15	41	Vijay Pal	1426–1437	11
2	Shyam Pal	699–725	26	22	Vichitra Pal	1131–1140	9	42	Sahaj Pal	1437–1473	36
3	Pandu Pal	725–756	31	23	Hans Pal	1141–1152	11	43	Bahadur Shah	1473–1498	25
4	Abhijat Pal	756–780	24	24	Som Pal	1152–1159	7	44	Man Shah	1498–1518	20
5	Saugat Pal	781–800	19	25	Kadil Pal	1159–1164	5	45	Shyam Shah	1518–1527	9
6	Ratna Pal	800–849	49	26	Kamadev Pal	1172–1179	7	46	Mahipat Shah	1527–1552	25
7	Shali Pal	850–857	7	27	Sulakshan Dev	1179–1197	18	47	Prithvi Shah	1552–1614	62
8	Vidhi Pal	858–877	19	28	Lakhan Dev	1197–1220	23	48	Medini Shah	1614–1660	46
9	Madan Pal	877–894	17	29	Anand Pal II	1220–1241	21	49	Fateh Shah	1660–1708	48
10	Bhakti Pal	895–919	24	30	Purva Dev	1241–1260	19	50	Upendra Shah	1708–1709	1
11	Jayachand Pal	920–948	28	31	Abhay Dev	1260–1267	7	51	Pradip Shah	1709–1772	63
12	Prithvi Pal	949–971	22	32	Jayaram Dev	1267–1290	23	52	Lalit Shah	1772–1780	8
13	Medinisen Pal	972–995	23	33	Asal Dev	1290–1299	9	53	Jayakrit Shah	1780–1786	6
14	Agasti Pal	995–1014	19	34	Jagat Pal	1299–1311	12	54	Pradyumna Shah	1786–1804	18
15	Surati Pal	1015–1036	21	35	Jit Pal	1311–1330	19	55	Sudarshan Shah	1804–1859	55
16	Jay Pal	1037–1055	18	36	Anant Pal II	1330–1358	28	56	Bhawani Shah	1859–1871	12
17	Anant Pal I	1056–1072	16	37	Ajay Pal	1358–1389	31	57	Pratap Shah	1871–1886	15
18	Anand Pal I	1072–1083	11	38	Kalyan Shah	1389–1398	9	58	Kirti Shah	1886–1913	27
19	Vibhog Pal	1084–1101	17	39	Sundar Pal	1398–1413	15	59	Narendra Shah	1913–1946	33
20	Suvayanu Pal	1102–1115	13	40	Hansadev Pal	1413–1426	13	60	Manabendra Shah	1946–1949	3

Mallabhum (Bishnupur) kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)[edit]

Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal.^[100] (also known as Mallabhoom),^[101]

Name of the king[102][103]	Reign	Notes
Adi Malla	694–710
Jay Malla	710–720
Benu Malla	720–733
Kinu Malla	733–742
Indra Malla	742–757
Kanu Malla	757–764
Dha (Jhau) Malla	764–775
Shur Malla	775–795
Kanak Malla	795–807
Kandarpa Malla	807–828
Sanatan Malla	828–841
Kharga Malla	841–862
Durjan (Durjay) Malla	862–906
Yadav Malla	906–919
Jagannath Malla	919–931
Birat Malla	931–946
Mahadev Malla	946–977
Durgadas Malla	977–994
Jagat Malla	994–1007
Ananta Malla	1007–1015
Rup Malla	1015=1029
Sundar Malla	1029–1053
Kumud Malla	1053–1074
Krishna Malla	1074–1084
Rup II (Jhap) Malla	1084–1097
Prakash Malla	1097–1102
Pratap Malla	1102–1113
Sindur Malla	1113–1129
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla	1129–1142
Banamali Malla	1142–1156
Yadu/Jadu Malla	1156–1167
Jiban Malla	1167–1185
Ram Malla	1185=1209
Gobinda Malla	1209–1240
Bhim Malla	1240–1263
Katar(Khattar) Malla	1263–1295
Prithwi Malla	1295 -1319
Tapa Malla	1319–1334
Dinabandhu Malla	1334–1345
Kinu/Kanu II Malla	1345–1358
Shur Malla II	1358–1370
Shiv Singh Malla	1370–1407
Madan Malla	1407–1420
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla	1420–1437
Uday Malla	1437–1460
Chandra Malla	1460–1501
Bir Malla	1501–1554
Dhari Malla	1554–1565
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)	1565–1620
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev	1620–1626
Raghunath Singha Dev	1626–1656
Bir Singha Dev	1656–1682
Durjan Singha Dev	1682–1702
Raghunath Singha Dev II	1702–1712
Gopal Singha Dev	1712–1748
Chaitanya Singha Dev	1748–1801
Madhav Singha Dev	1801–1809
Gopal Singha Dev II	1809–1876
Ramkrishna Singha Dev	1876–1885
Dwhaja Moni Devi	1885–1889
Nilmoni Singha Dev	1889–1903
Churamoni Devi (Regency)	1903–1930
Kalipada Singha Thakur	1930–1947

Chand Kingdom of Kumaon (700–1790 CE)[edit]

Badri Datt Pandey, in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following:

King	Reign	Notes
Som Chand	700–721
Atm Chand	721–740
Purn Chand	740–758
Indra Chand	758–778	Opened Silk Factories
Sansar Chand	778–813
Sudha Chand	813–833
Hamir Chand	833–856
Vina Chand	856–869	Lost to Khas Kings
Vir Chand	1065–1080
Rup Chand	1080–1093
Laxmi Chand	1093–1113
Dharm Chand	1113–1121
Karm Chand	1121–1140
Ballal Chand	1140–1149
Nami Chand	1149–1170
Nar Chand	1170–1177
Nanaki Chand	1177–1195
Ram Chand	1195–1205
Bhishm Chand	1205–1226
Megh Chand	1226–1233
Dhyan Chand	1233–1251
Parvat Chand	1251–1261
Thor Chand	1261–1275
Kalyan Chand II	1275–1296
Trilok Chand	1296–1303	Conquered Chhakhata Built a fort at Bhimtal
Damaru Chand	1303–1321
Dharm Chand	1321–1344	Defeated One Lakh Army of Delhi Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under Khusrau Malik in his Qarachil Expedition
Abhay Chand	1344–1374
Garur Gyan Chand	1374–1419	Established authority over Bhabar and Terai; later lost them to nawab of Sambhal, Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of Sambhal under General Nilu Kathait
Harihar Chand	1419–1420
Udyan Chand	1420–1421	built Baleshwar Temple at Champawat Captured Chaugarkha
Atma Chand II	1421–1422
Hari Chand II	1422–1423
Vikram Chand	1423–1437	Completed Baleshwar Temple
Bharati Chand	1437–1450	Defeated Doti
Ratna Chand	1450–1488	Defeated Bams of Sor, defeated Doti again
Kirti Chand	1488–1503	annexed Barahmandal, Pali and Faldakot, Conquered Garhwal by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon
Pratap Chand	1503–1517
Tara Chand	1517–1533
Manik Chand	1533–1542
Kalyan Chand III	1542–1551
Purna Chand	1551–1555
Bhishm Chand	1555–1560	laid foundation stone of Alamnagar lost Barahmandal to Khas Sardar Gajuwathinga
Balo Kalyan Chand	1560–1568	recaptured Barahmandal moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it Almora Annexed Mankot and Danpur
Rudra Chand	1568–1597	Successfully defended Terai from nawab of Kath and Gola founded the city of Rudrapur Annexed Sira
Laxmi Chand	1597–1621	built Laxmeswar and Bagnath Temple at Almora and Bageshwar respectively Invaded Garhwal 7 times without any Success
Dilip Chand	1621–1624
Vijay Chand	1624–1625
Trimal Chand	1625–1638
Baz Bahadur Chand	1638–1678	Captured Dehradun and Hindu Pilgrimage Kailash Mansarovar defeated Garhwal and Tibet, has his kingdom from ton river until karnali
Udyot Chand	1678–1698	Defeated combined armies of Garhwal and Doti
Gyan Chand	1698–1708	Defeated Garhwal and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar
Jagat Chand	1708–1720	Invaded Garhwal and captured its capital Srinagar, defeated combined armies of Sikhs|Khalsa and Garhwal
Devi Chand	1720–1726	Made Afghani Daud Khan General of Kumaon, looted Moradabad, Mughal Empire and captured villages of Mughals
Ajit Chand	1726–1729
Kalyan Chand V	1729–1747	Defeated Rohillas
Deep Chand	1747–1777	Defeated Garhwal King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed
Mohan Chand	1777–1779	Defeated by King Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Pradyumn Chand	1779–1786	Son of king Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Mohan Chand	1786–1788	Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time
Shiv Chand	1788
Mahendra Chand	1788–1790	Defeated by Gorkhas

Karttikeyapur (Katyur) Kingdom (700–1065 CE)[edit]

The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King^[104]

List–

• Vasu Dev (700–849 CE)
• Basantana Dev (850–870 CE)
• Kharpar Dev (870–880 CE)
• Abhiraj Dev (880–890 CE)
• Tribhuvanraj Dev (890–900 CE)
• Nimbarta Dev (900–915 CE)
• Istanga (915–930 CE)
• Lalitasura Dev (930–955 CE)
• Bhu Dev (955–970 CE)
• Salonaditya (970–985 CE)
• Ichchhata Dev (985–1000 CE)
• Deshat Dev (1000–1015 CE)
• Padmata Dev (1015–1045 CE)
• Subhiksharaja Dev (1045–1060 CE)
• Dham Dev (1060–1064 CE)
• Bir Dev (Very short period until 1065 CE)

Varman dynasty of Kannauj (c. 725–770 CE)[edit]

• Yashovarman (c. 725–752 CE), founder of dynasty
• Āma
• Dunduka
• Bhoja (ruled until 770 CE), last ruler of dynasty.^[105]

Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta (c. 735–982 CE)[edit]

• Dantidurga (735–756 CE), founder of dynasty
• Krishna I (756–774 CE)
• Govinda II (774–780 CE)
• Dhruva Dharavarsha (780–793 CE)
• Govinda III (793–814 CE)
• Amoghavarsha I (814–878 CE), he was the founded of Manyakheta city, which became the capital of the dynasty.^[106]
• Krishna II (878–914 CE)
• Indra III (914–929 CE)
• Amoghavarsha II (929–932 CE)
• Govinda IV (930–935 CE)
• Amoghavarsha III (934–939 CE)
• Krishna III (939–967 CE)
• Khottiga Amoghavarsha (967–972 CE)
• Karka II or Amoghhavarsha IV (972–973 CE)
• Indra IV (973–982 CE), was the only a claimer for the lost throne.

Tomar dynasty of Delhi (c. 736–1151 CE)[edit]

Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings:^[107]

• Khadag Rai's history of Gwalior (Gopācala ākhyāna) names 18 Tomara kings, plus Prithvi Pala (who is probably the Chahamana king Prithviraja III). According to Khadag Rai, Delhi was originally ruled by the legendary king Vikramaditya. It was deserted for 792 years after his death, until Bilan Dev [Veer Mahadev or Birmaha] of Tomara dynasty re-established the city (in 736 CE).
• The Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript names only 15 rulers of "Toar" dynasty, and dates the beginning of their rule to 789 CE (846 Vikram Samvat).
• Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari (Bikaner manuscript, edited by Syed Ahmad Khan) names 19 Tomara kings. It places the first Tomara king in 372 CE (429 Vikram Samvat). It might be possible that the era mentioned in the original source used by Abul Fazl was Gupta era, which starts from 318 to 319 CE; Abul Fazl might have mistaken this era to be Vikrama Samvat. If this is true, then the first Tomara king can be dated to 747 CE (429+318), which is better aligned with the other sources.

As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE.^[108]

List of Tomara rulers according to various sources^[109][110]

#	Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari / Bikaner manuscript	Gwalior manuscript of Khadag Rai	Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript	Ascension year in CE (according to Gwalior manuscript)	Length of reign
					Years	Months	Days
1	Ananga Pāla	Bilan De