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The extant sources for Norse mythology, particularly the Prose and Poetic Eddas, contain many names of jötnar and gýgjar (often glossed as giants and giantesses respectively). While many of them are featured in extant myths of their own, many others have come down to us today only as names in various lists provided for the benefit of skalds or poets of the medieval period and are included here for the purpose of completeness.
List of jötnar[edit]
A[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ægir | "Sea" | Hlér Gymir (contested) | Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Logi, Kári Wife: Rán Daughters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr | Hversu Noregr byggðist, Lokasenna, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál |
| Alfarinn | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Alsvartr | all black | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Alvaldi | "The all-powerful one" | None attested | Consort: Greip Sons: Gangr, Iði, Þjazi | Skáldskaparmál |
| Áma | Big barrel, harass | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Ámr | Dark, auburn | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Ámgerðr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Andaðr | None attested | None attested | Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks | |
| Andudr | ||||
| Angeyja | Contested | None attested | Sisters: Atla, Eistla, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Angrboda | "The one who brings grief" or "she-who-offers-sorrow" | Járnviðja (possibly) | Partner: Loki Children: Fenrir, Jörmungandr, Hel | Gylfaginning, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Angurþjasi | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Arinefja | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Asvid | None attested | None attested | Hávamál | |
| Atla | "The argumentative one" | None attested | Sisters: Angeyja, Eistla, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Audnir | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Aurboða | "Gravel-bidder" or "gravel-offerer" | None attested | Consort: Gymir Children: Beli, Gerðr | Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Svipdagsmál |
| Aurekr | ||||
| Aurgrímnir | Örgrimnir | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Aurvandil | "Luminous wanderer" | None attested | Wife: Gróa | Chronicon Lethrense, Christ I, Gesta Danorum, Gothica Bononiensia. Orendel, Skáldskaparmál |
B[edit]
D[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dettiklessa | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Dofri | Daughter: Flaumgerðr Foster son: Bárðr | Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Hálfdanar þáttr svarta ok Haralds hárfagra, Nafnaþulur | ||
| Drauttur | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Dröfn | "Comber" or "foaming sea" | Bára | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Drumba | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Dúfa | "Wave" | None attested | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Dumbr | mute, dumb, murky | Wife: Mjǫll Son: Bárðr | Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |
| Dúrnir | "Door" or "Door-warden" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
E[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eggthér | blade servant, eagle | None attested | None attested | Völuspá |
| Elldridr | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Eimgeitir | fire goat, smoke goat | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Eistla | 'the stormy one', 'the glowing one' | None attested | Sisters: Atla, Angeyja, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Eisurfála | fire troll, ember troll | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Eldr | fire, old | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Eyrgjafa | None attested | Sisters: Atla, Angeyja, Eistla, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
F[edit]
G[edit]
H[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hæra | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hafli | have, grasp | Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur | ||
| Haki | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hála | smooth, slippery, conceal, large, tall | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Haltangi | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Harðgreipr | "Hard-grip" | Father: Vagnhöfði Partner: Hadding | Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur | |
| Harðverkr | "Hard worker" | Hraðverkr | Nafnaþulur, Sturlu þáttr | |
| Hástigi | high climber | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hati Hróðvitnisson | "He Who Hates" or "Enemy" | Mánagarmr | Father: Fenrir Brother: Sköll | |
| Hausver | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hefring | "Lifting" | None attested | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Heidrek | Parents: Höfund, Hervor Wife: Sifka Sons: Angantyr, Hlöð | Hervarar saga, Widsith | ||
| Hel | Parents: Loki, Angrboda Siblings: Jörmungandr, Fenrir Half-siblings: Narfi, Váli, Sleipnir | |||
| Helblindi | "Hel-blinder" or "All-blind" | Parents: Fárbauti, Laufey Brothers: Býleistr, Loki | Gylfaginning | |
| Heiðr | Gullveig | Father: Hrimnir Brother Hrossthjofr | ||
| Helreginn | "Ruler over Hel" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Hengikefta | "Hanging jaw" | Hengjankjapta | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál | |
| Hergunnr | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis | |||
| Herkir | fire, desolator | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Herkja | noise | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Himinglæva | "Transparent-on-top" | None attested | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Hljóð | silence, hearing, yell | None attested | Father: Hrímnir Consort: Völsung Children: Sigmund, Signy | Völsunga saga |
| Hlói | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hlóra | Consort: Vingnir Foster son: Thor | Skáldskaparmál | ||
| Hnikar | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hnydja | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hölgabrúðr | Hölgi's wife | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Holuskroppa | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hörn | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hracktanni | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hræsvelgr | "Corpse Swallower" | None attested | None attested | Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál |
| Hrauðnir | destroyer, fur coat | Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | ||
| Hrauðungr | boat shack | None attested | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál | |
| Hremsa | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis | |||
| Hrímgerðr | "Frost-Gerðr", Soot-Gerðr | None attested | None attested | Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, Nafnaþulur |
| Hrímgrímnir | "Frost-masked", sooty mask | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur Skírnismál |
| Hrímnir | "the one covered with hoarfrost" or "the sooty one" | Wife: Hyrja Children: Feima, Heiðr, Hljóð, Hrossþjófr, Kleima | Gríms saga loðinkinna, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skírnismál, Völsunga saga | |
| Hrímþurs | frost giant, soot giant | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hringvölnir | ring rounder, ring paler | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hripstoðr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hróarr | famous spear | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hroðr | "Famed" | None attested | Consort: Hymir Son; Tyr | Hymiskviða |
| Hroðingr | unrest, storm, slime, fame | |||
| Hrökkvir | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hrönn | "Wave" | None attested | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Kólga, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Hrossþjófr | "Horse-thief" | Father: Hrímnir Sisters: Heiðr | Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur | |
| Hrotti | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hrúga | pile, heap | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hrungerdr | ||||
| Hrungnir | "Brawler" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs |
| Hryggða | sadness, pain | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hrymr | "Decrepit" | None attested | None attested | Gylfaginning, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs, Völuspá |
| Hundálfr | brave noble wolf | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hundvis | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Hvalr | whale | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hveðra | wind, stone | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hveðrungr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Hymir | Wife: Hroðr Son: Tyr | Gylfaginning, Hymiskviða, Nafnaþulur | ||
| Hyndla | bitch | None attested | None attested | Hyndluljóð |
| Hyrrokkin | "Fire-Smoked" | None attested | None attested | Gylfaginning, Húsdrápa, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál |
I[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iði | "The moveable", "The hard-working one" | None attested | Father: Alvaldi Brothers: Gangr, Þjazi | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs |
| Íma | the grey one, battle | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Imðr | the grey one, battle | None attested | Sisters: Atla, Angeyja, Eistla, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Ímgerðr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Ímr | the dark looking | None attested | Father: Vafþrúðnir | Nafnaþulur, Skaldskaparmal, Vafþrúðnismál |
| Irpa | the dark coloured | Sister: Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr | ||
| Íviðja | forest dweller, the evil, enveloper | Nafnaþulur |
J[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Járnglumra | iron din | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Járnsaxa | "Iron dagger" | None attested | Sisters: Angeyja, Atla, Eistla, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Ulfrún Partner: Thor Sons: Heimdallr, Magni | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Járnviðja | "Ironwoodite" | None attested | None attested | Gylfaginning, Háleygjatal, Nafnaþulur |
| Jörð | "Earth" | Fjörgyn, Hlóðyn | Parents: Annar, Nótt Partner: Odin Son: Thor | |
| Jörmungandr | "Huge monster" | Miðgarðsormr | Parents: Loki, Angrboda Siblings: Fenrir, Hel Half-siblings: Narfi, Váli, Sleipnir | |
| Jötunn | giant, eater | Nafnaþulur |
K[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaldgrani | cold horse, cold mustache | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Kampa | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Kári | wind gust, curly | Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Ægir, Logi Son: Frosti | Hversu Noregr byggðist, Orkneyinga saga | |
| Keila | "A narrow strait of water", rock chasm | Skáldskaparmál | ||
| Kjallandi | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál | |||
| Kjaptlangur | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Klumba | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Kolfrosti | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Kólga | "Cool-wave" | None attested | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Uðr | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Költr | ||||
| Köttr | cat | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Krabbi | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Kráka | crow | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Kyrmir | yeller | Nafnaþulur |
L[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laufey | Nál | Consort: Fárbauti Sons: Býleistr, Helblindi, Loki | Gylfaginning, Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis, Skádskaparmál | |
| Leiði | good wind, reluctance, journey | Skáldskaparmál | ||
| Leifi | leave, smear | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Leikn | witch | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál |
| Leirvör | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Litr | colour. looks, shape, oar | Lútr | Ragnarsdrápa, Skáldskaparmál | |
| Ljóta | ugly, terrible | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Ljotur | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Loðinfingra | hairy finger | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Loðinn | Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar | |||
| Logi | "Fire" | Hálogi | Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Ægir, Kári Wife: Glöð Daughters: Eisa, Eimyrja | |
| Loki | Contested | Hvedrung, Loptr | Parents: Fárbauti, Laufey Brothers: Býleistr, Helblindi Partners: Sigyn, Angrboda, Svaðilfari Children: Narfi, Váli, Fenrir, Jörmungandr, Hel, Sleipnir |
M[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margerðr | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis, Nafnaþulur | |||
| Menja | Sister: Fenja | Grottasöngr, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | ||
| Miði | center, fishing ground | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Miðjungr | the middle, man | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Miðvitnir | "Mead wolf", "Mid wolf" or "Sea wolf" | None attested | Son: Sökkmímir | Grímnismál |
| Mímir | Heidraupnir (supposed), Hoddmimir (supposed), Hoddrofnir (supposed) | Gylfaginning, Heimskringla, Nafnaþulur, Sigrdrífumál, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá | ||
| Miskorblindi | Son: Aegir | Hymiskviða | ||
| Mjǫll | "Powdered Snow" | None attested | Father: Snær Siblings: Thorri, Fǫnn, Drífa Consorts: Dumbr, Rauðfeldr Sons: Bárðr, Þorkell | Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Hversu Noregr byggðist |
| Móðguðr | "Furious Battler" | None attested | None attested | Gylfaginning |
| Moði | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Mögþrasir | "The one who is striving for sons" | None attested | None attested | Vafþrúðnismál |
| Mokkurkalfi | fog calf | None attested | None attested | Skáldskaparmál |
| Mörn | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Mundilfari | ""the one moving according to particular times"[1] | Mundilföri, Mundilfœri, Mundilfær | Daughter: Sól Son: Mani | |
| Munnharpa | ’Mouth Harp’, mouth witch, hole harp/witch | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Myrkriða | ’Dark Rider’ | Nafnaþulur |
N[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naglfari | nail farer | None attested | Wife: Nótt Son: Auðr | Gylfaginning |
| Narfi | Nörr | Daughter: Nótt | Forspjallsljóð, Gylfaginning, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Höfuðlausn, Sonatorrek, Vafþrúðnismál | |
| Nari | corpse | Narfi | Parents: Loki, Sigyn Brother: Váli Half-siblings: Fenrir, Jörmungandr, Hel, Sleipnir | Gylfaginning, Haustlöng, Lokasenna, Skáldskaparmál, Ynglingatal |
| Nati | spear | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Nefja | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis | |||
| Nótt | "Night" | None attested | Father: Narfi Partners: Naglfari, Annar, Dellingr Children: Auðr, Jörð, Dagr | Alvíssmál, Gylfaginning, Sigrdrífumál, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál |
O[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Öflugbarða | strong axe | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Ǫflugbarði | strong axe | None attested | None attested | Ragnarsdrápa |
| Ófóti | without feet | Son: Brûsi | Ketils saga hœngs, Nafnaþulur, Orm Storolfsson | |
| Óglaðnir | not glad, not gleaming | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Önduðr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Opingeil | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Ösgrúi | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Öskruðr | "Yeller" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
R[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rangbeinn | "Bent bone" or "Bowlegged" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Raun | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis | |||
| Rifingöflu | sword strong | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Rindr | None attested | Partner: Odin Son: Váli | Baldrs draumar, Gesta Danorum, Grógaldr, Gylfaginning, Sigurðardrápa | |
| Rýgi | wooly, wool plucker, roarer | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
S[edit]
T[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Þistilbarði | "Thistle-beard" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
| Þjazi | Parents: Alvaldi, Greip Brothers: Gangr, Iði Daughter: Skadi | Haustlöng, Skáldskaparmál | ||
| Þökk | "Thanks" | Loki (supposed) | None attested | Gylfaginning |
| Thorn | thorn, needle | |||
| Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr | Sister: Irpa | |||
| Trana | Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis | |||
| Thrasir | assault, storm | |||
| Þrígeitir | three goat | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Þrívaldi | "Thrice mighty" | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál |
| Þrúðgelmir | "Strength Yeller" | None attested | Father: Ymir Son Bergelmir | Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál |
| Þrymr | "Uproar" | None attested | Son: Bergfinnr | Hversu Noregr byggðist, Nafnaþulur, Þrymskviða, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs |
| Þurbörð | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Tuska | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Tyrnir |
U[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulfrún | "Wolf rune" or "wolf-woman" | None attested | Sisters: Angeyja, Atla, Eistla, Eyrgjafa, Gjálp, Greip, Imðr, Járnsaxa, Ulfrún Son: Heimdallr | Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma |
| Uðr | "Wave" | Unn | Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga | Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál |
| Útgarða-Loki | "Loki of the Outyards" | Gesta Danorum, Gylfaginning |
V[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vafþrúðnir | "Mighty Weaver" or "Mighty in riddles" | Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál | ||
| Vagnhöfði | "Swordfish-Head" | None attested | Daughter: Harðgreipr Foster son: Hadding | Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs |
| Váli | Father: Loki Brother: Narfi Half-siblings: Fenrir, Jörmungandr, Hel, Sleipnir | Gylfaginning | ||
| Vandill | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Varðrún | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Vaulsi | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Vásuðr | "Wet and Sleety" | None attested | Son: Vindsvalr | |
| Verr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Víðblindi | "Very blind" | None attested | None attested | Laufás-Edda, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál |
| Viddi | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Víðgrípr | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Vidgymnir | ||||
| Vígglöð | Nafnaþulur | |||
| Vindr | ’’Wind’’ | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Vindloni | ||||
| Vindsvalr | "Wind-cool" | Vindljóni | Father: Vásuðr Son: Vetr | Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál |
| Vingnir | Wife: Hlóra Foster son: Thor | Haustlöng, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál | ||
| Vingrip | ||||
| Víparr | Viporr | Nafnaþulur | ||
| Vörnir | None attested | None attested | Nafnaþulur |
Y[edit]
| Name | Name meaning | Alternative names | Attested relatives | Attestations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ymir | "seething clay"[6] | Aurgelmir, Brimir, Bláinn, Ogelmir[6] | Son: Þrúðgelmir | Grímnismál, Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál, Völuspá |
| Ymsi | None attested | None attested | Þórsdrápa | |
| Ysia | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs | |||
| Ysporta | Vilhjalms saga sjóðs |
References[edit]
- ^ Simek (2007:222).
- ^ von See, Klaus et al.: Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda 1/II; Heidelberg: Winter, 2019 (S. 1156)
- ^ Birkett, Tom (2018). The Norse Myths: Stories of The Norse Gods and Heroes Vividly Retold. Quercus. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-78648-880-0. "Surt is the most powerful of the fire-giants, and he rules over the realm known as Muspelheim."
- ^ Tales of Norse Mythology, Helen A. Guerber
- ^ Vafthrudni's-mal, W. Taylor's translation
- ^ a b Myths of the Nosemen from the Eddas and Sagas, Helen A. Guerber, 1909, Chapter 1: The Beginning
- Faulkes, Anthony (transl. and ed.) (1987). Edda (Snorri Sturluson). Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
- Larrington, Carolyne (transl. and ed.) (1996). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2