List of primates

gray lemur sitting on dirt
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
brown loris nestled in leaves
Red slender loris (Loris tardigradus)
gray galago on a branch
Northern greater galago (Otolemur garnettii)
brown tarsier clinging to branch
Philippine tarsier (Carlito syrichta)
black monkey in a tree
Red-faced spider monkey (Ateles paniscus)
white baboon with pink face
Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas)
black chimpanzee walking on all fours
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
two humans standing in grass
Humans (Homo sapiens)
male orangutan face
Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
male silverback western lowland gorilla
Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Map of the world, with parts of South America, Africa, and southeast Asia shaded red
Range and density of non-human primates

Primates is a diverse order of placental mammals which includes monkeys, lemurs, galagos, lorisids, tarsiers, and apes (including humans). Members of this order are called primates. The order currently comprises 502 extant species, which are grouped into 81 genera. The majority of primates live in South and Central America, Africa, and southern and Southeast Asia, in a variety of habitats, particularly forests but also including grasslands, savannas, shrublands, wetlands, deserts, and rocky areas. The exception is humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. Primates come in a variety of body plans but typically feature large brains, a shoulder girdle allowing a large degree of movement in the shoulder joint, dexterous hands, and tails, sometimes prehensile.[1] They range in size from Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at 8 cm (3 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Primates are also the most intelligent animals and non-human primates are recorded to use tools, communicate with gestures and vocalizations, and have complex social systems.[2]

Primates is divided into two suborders: Haplorrhini and Strepsirrhini. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Haplorrhini contains nine families in four major clades: Cercopithecoidea, containing the Old World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae; Hominoidea, containing the great apes of the family Hominidae and the gibbons of the family Hylobatidae; Platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, divided into the families Aotidae, Atelidae, Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae and containing night, howler, spider, woolly, capuchin, squirrel, and saki monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins; and Tarsiiformes, containing the tarsier family Tarsiidae. Strepsirrhini is split between two clades: Lemuroidea, divided into the families Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs), Daubentoniidae (the aye-aye), Indriidae (wooly lemurs, sifakas, and indri), Lemuridae (lemurs), and Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs); and Lorisoidea, split between the galago family Galagidae and the loris family Lorisidae. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No species have been recorded as going extinct since 1500 CE, but over 200 species, or more than 40 percent of all primates, are considered endangered or critically endangered.

Conventions[edit]

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted.

Classification[edit]

The order Primates consists of 502 extant species belonging to 81 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 81 genera can be grouped into 16 families; these families are divided between two named suborders and are grouped in those suborders into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Suborder Haplorrhini

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Primates[3]  

Primates[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[4]

Suborder Haplorrhini[edit]

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea[edit]

Main article: List of cercopithecoids
Family Cercopithecidae[edit]

Members of the Cercopithecidae family are called cercopithecids, or colloquially Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecidae comprises 158 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, or cercopithecine monkeys, containing baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species; and Colobinae, or leaf-eating monkeys, containing colobus, lutung, and other monkey species.

Subfamily Cercopithecinae – Gray, 1821 – thirteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Allenopithecus

Brown monkey

Lang, 1923

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 33–51 cm (13–20 in) long, plus 35–52 cm (14–20 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest[6]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates[7]
Allochrocebus
(terrestrial guenon)

Gray monkey

Elliot, 1913

Three species
 		Central and west-central Africa Size range: 31–69 cm (12–27 in) long, plus 48–10 cm (19–4 in) tail (L'Hoest's monkey)[8]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[9]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, mushrooms, and invertebrates[8]
Cercocebus
(white-eyelid mangabey)

Gray monkeys

É Geoffroy, 1812

Seven species
 		Equatorial Africa Size range: 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 45–100 cm (18–39 in) tail (Golden-bellied mangabey)[10]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[10]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, nectar, stems, roots, insects, fungi, grass, and small vertebrates[10]
Cercopithecus
(guenon)

Black, brown, and white monkey

Linnaeus, 1758

Nineteen species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 57 cm (22 in) tail (Lesser spot-nosed monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 109 cm (43 in) tail (Blue monkey)[11]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[11]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds, shoots, herbs, invertebrates, flowers, buds, tree gum, birds, bird eggs, and small reptiles[11]
Chlorocebus
(vervet monkey)

Brown monkey

Gray, 1870

Seven species
 		Equatorial, eastern, and southern Africa Size range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 44 cm (17 in) tail (Malbrouck) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 114 cm (45 in) tail (Tantalus monkey)[12]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[13]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, roots, insects, bark, gum, eggs, invertebrates, pith, seeds, and mushrooms[12]
Erythrocebus
(patas monkey)

Brown and white monkey

Trouessart, 1897

Three species
 		Equatorial and Eastern Africa Size range: 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Blue Nile patas monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (Common patas monkey)[14]

Habitats: Grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[15]

Diets: Fruit, insects, gum, and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, small vertebrates, and bird eggs[14]
Lophocebus
(crested mangabey)

Black monkey

Palmer, 1903

Two species
 		Central Africa Size range: 44–75 cm (17–30 in) long, plus 57–94 cm (22–37 in) tail (Grey-cheeked mangabey)[16]

Habitats: Forest[16]

Diets: Fruit and seeds[16]
Macaca
(macaque)

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Lacépède, 1799

24 species
 		Southern, southeastern, and eastern Asia, and northwestern Africa Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Toque macaque) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Arunachal macaque)[17]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, forest, intertidal marine, and caves[18]

Diets: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, invertebrates, gums, pith, seeds, leaves, flowers, dirt, fungi, and birds[17]
Mandrillus
(mandrill)

Gray and brown monkey

Ritgen, 1824

Two species
 		Western Africa Size range: 55–95 cm (22–37 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail (Mandrill)[19]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, and savanna[19]

Diets: Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds[19]
Miopithecus
(talapoin)

Brown monkey

Geoffroy, 1842

Two species
 		Western Africa Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Gabon talapoin) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (Angolan talapoin)[20]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest[20]

Diets: Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates[20]
Papio
(baboon)

Brown monkey

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa and southwestern Arabian Peninsula Size range: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail (Chacma baboon)[21]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, desert, grassland, and forest[22]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, roots, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, flowers, buds, grass, and seeds[21]
Rungwecebus

Drawing of brown monkey

Davenport, 2006

One species
 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 85–90 cm (33–35 in) long, plus about 115 cm (45 in) tail[23]

Habitats: Forest[24]

Diet: Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit[23]
Theropithecus

Brown monkey

Geoffroy, 1843

One species
 		Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 32–55 cm (13–22 in) tail[25]

Habitats: Grassland and rocky areas[26]

Diet: Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes[26]
Subfamily Colobinae – Jerdon, 1867 – ten genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Colobus
(black-and-white colobus)

Gray monkey

Illiger, 1811

Five species
 		Central Africa and Western Africa Size range: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail (King colobus)[27]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[28]

Diets: Leaves, nuts, and seeds, as well as fruit, flowers, buds, stems, bark, shoots, insects, and clay[27]
Nasalis

Brown monkey

É Geoffroy, 1812

One species
 		Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 61–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail[29]

Habitats: Forest[30]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae[31]
Piliocolobus
(red colobus)

Brown, black, and white monkey

Rochebrune, 1887

Sixteen species
 		Congo, and eastern and western Africa Size range: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail (multiple)[32]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna[33]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, shoots, buds, flowers, and seeds, as well as flowers[32]
Presbytis
(surili)

Gray monkey

Eschscholtz, 1821

Nineteen species
 		Southeastern Asia Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Black Sumatran langur) to 62 cm (24 in) long, plus 85 cm (33 in) tail (Thomas's langur)[34]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland[35]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers, as well as bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects[34]
Procolobus

Black-and-white drawing of monkey

Rochebrune, 1877

One species
 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 43–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tail[36]

Habitats: Forest[37]

Diet: Leaves and flowers[38]
Pygathrix
(douc)

Gray and brown monkey

É Geoffroy, 1812

Three species
 		Southeastern Asia Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Black-shanked douc) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 77 cm (30 in) tail (Red-shanked douc)[39]

Habitats: Forest[39]

Diets: Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, buds, and flowers[39]
Rhinopithecus
(snub-nosed monkey)

Gray monkeys

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Five species
 		Southern China, Central China, Northern Vietnam, and Northern Myanmar Size range: 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 66 cm (26 in) tail (Tonkin snub-nosed monkey) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey)[40]

Habitats: Forest[41]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, buds, bark, seeds, and lichen, as well as insect larvae[40]
Semnopithecus
(gray langur)

Gray monkey

Desmarest, 1822

Eight species
 		Sri Lanka, India, and Himalayas Size range: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) (multiple)[42]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, shrubland, and savanna[42]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, seeds, roots, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrates[42]
Simias

Drawing of monkey skull

Miller, 1903

One species
 		Islands near Sumatra in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 45–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail[43]

Habitats: Forest[44]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, and berries[45]
Trachypithecus
(lutung)

Black and brown monkeys

Reichenbach, 1862

21 species
 		Southeastern Asia Size range: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail (multiple)[46]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, forests, forest, and caves[47]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, shoots, seeds, and twigs, as well as bark and insects[46]

Superfamily Hominoidea[edit]

Main article: List of hominoids
Family Hominidae[edit]

Members of the Hominidae family are hominids, or colloquially great apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans. Hominoidae comprises eight extant species, divided into four genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Homininae, or African hominids, containing gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans; and Ponginae, or Asian hominids, containing orangutans.

Subfamily Homininae – Gray, 1825 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Gorilla
(gorilla)

Black gorilla

Geoffroy, 1852

Two species
 		Central Africa and Western Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long (Western gorilla) to 196 cm (77 in) long (Eastern gorilla)[48]

Habitats: Forest[49]

Diets: Leaves, berries, ferns, bark, roots, stems, and pith, as well as wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[48]
Homo

Two humans standing in grass

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
 		Worldwide (population density shown)
Map of range 		Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[50]

Habitats: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous
Pan
(chimpanzee)

Black bonobo

Oken, 1816

Two species
 		Central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long (Chimpanzee)[51]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[52]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as leaves, insects, shoots, small vertebrates, truffles, fungus, honey, and eggs[51]
Subfamily Ponginae – Elliot, 1913 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Pongo

Brown orangutan

Lacépède, 1799

Three species
 		Borneo and Sumatra
Map of range 		Size range: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long (Bornean orangutan)[53]

Habitats: Forest[54]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, shoots, flowers, and bark, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[53]
Family Hylobatidae[edit]

Members of the Hylobatidae family are hylobatids, or colloquially gibbons. Hylobatidae comprises 19 extant species, divided into four genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hoolock
(hoolock gibbon)

Brown gibbon

Mootnick & Groves, 2005

Three species
 		Southern Asia (in green)
Map of range 		Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long (Western hoolock gibbon) to 81 cm (32 in) long (Skywalker hoolock gibbon)[55]

Habitats: Forest[55]

Diets: Fruit and leaves, as well as shoots, invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[55]
Hylobates
(dwarf gibbon)

Brown gibbon

Illiger, 1811

Nine species
 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long (Silvery gibbon) to 65 cm (26 in) long (Agile gibbon)[56]

Habitats: Forest[56]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as eggs and small vertebrates[56]
Nomascus
(crested gibbon)

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

Miller, 1933

Seven species
 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long (Eastern black crested gibbon) to 64 cm (25 in) long (Southern white-cheeked gibbon)[57]

Habitats: Forest[57]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, buds, shoots, and flowers, as well as insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[57]
Symphalangus

Black siamang

Gloger, 1841

One species
 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[58]

Habitats: Forest[59]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[59]

Parvorder Platyrrhines[edit]

Main article: List of platyrrhines
Family Aotidae[edit]

Members of the Aotidae family are aotids, or colloquially night monkeys. Aotidae comprises eleven extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Aotus
(night monkey)

Brown monkey

Illiger, 1811

Eleven species
 		Central and northern South America and Central America Size range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Azara's night monkey) to 47 cm (19 in) long plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (Three-striped night monkey)[60]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[60]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, leaves, flowers, buds, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs[60]
Family Atelidae[edit]

Members of the Atelidae family are atelids, or colloquially night monkeys, and include howler, spider, woolly, and woolly spider monkeys. Aotidae comprises 24 extant species in 4 genera. It is divided into the subfamilies Alouattinae, or howler monkeys, and Atelinae, or spider and woolly monkeys.

Subfamily Alouattinae – Trouessart, 1897 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Alouatta
(howler monkey)

Black howler monkeys

Lacépède, 1799

Twelve species
 		Mexico, Central America, and northern, eastern, and central South America
Map of range 		Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 52 cm (20 in) tail (Mantled howler) to 92 cm (36 in) long plus 92 cm (36 in) tail (Brown howler)[61]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[61]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and twigs as well as buds, seeds, moss, stems, termite nests, and decaying wood[61]
Subfamily Atelinae – Gray, 1825 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ateles
(spider monkey)

Brown monkey

É Geoffroy, 1806

Seven species
 		Mexico, Central America, and northern and central South America Size range: 30–63 cm (12–25 in) long, plus 63–84 cm (25–33 in) tail (Geoffroy's spider monkey)[62]

Habitats: Forest[63]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and insects, as well as bark, honey, decaying wood, roots, fungi, arachnids, and eggs[62]
Brachyteles
(muriqui)

Brown monkey

É Geoffroy, 1806

Two species
 		Southeastern Brazil Size range: 46–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 72–81 cm (28–32 in) tail (both species)[64]

Habitats: Forest[65]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, vines, flowers, bark, nectar, and seeds[64]
Lagothrix
(woolly monkey)

Brown monkey

É Geoffroy, 1812

Two species
 		Western South America Size range: 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to 69 cm (27 in) long plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Common woolly monkey)[66]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[67]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, insects, seeds, moss, buds, and flowers[66]
Family Callitrichidae[edit]

Members of the Callitrichidae family are callitrichids, and include marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. Callitrichidae comprises 43 extant species in 7 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – seven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Callimico

Black monkey

Miranda-Ribeiro, 1922

One species
 		Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail[68]

Habitats: Forest[69]

Diet: Fruit, insects, and fungi, as well as lizards, frogs, and other small vertebrates[68]
Callithrix
(Atlantic Forest marmoset)

Black, yellow, and white monkey

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
 		Eastern South America Size range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 29 cm (11 in) tail (Common marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Buffy-headed marmoset)[70]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[71]

Diets: Plant gum, sap, fruit, flowers, nectar, seeds, insects, and spiders, as well as molluscs, small vertebrates, and bird eggs[70]
Cebuella
(pygmy marmoset)

Brown monkey

Gray, 1866

Two species
 		Western South America Size range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Western pygmy marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Eastern pygmy marmoset)[72]

Habitats: Forest[73]

Diets: Tree gum, sap, and resin, as well as insects, small lizards, fruit, flowers, and spiders[72]
Leontocebus
(saddle-back tamarin)

Black and brown monkey

Wagner, 1840

Seven species
 		Central and western South America Size range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple)[74]

Habitats: Forest[74]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, vegetation, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs[74]
Leontopithecus
(lion tamarin)

Black and brown monkey

Lesson, 1840

Four species
 		Southeastern South America Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Black lion tamarin) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Golden lion tamarin)[75]

Habitats: Forest[76]

Diets: Spiders, snails, insects, small lizards, eggs, small birds, fruit, flowers, gum, nectar, and vegetables, as well as snakes and other small vertebrates[75]
Mico
(marmoset)

White and black monkey

Lesson, 1840

Sixteen species
 		Central South America Size range: 18–30 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 17–41 cm (7–16 in) tail (multiple)[77]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[77]

Diets: Sap, gum, fruit, seeds, nuts, insects, snails, spiders, leaves and small vertebrates[77]
Saguinus
(tamarin)

Black monkey

Hoffmannsegg, 1807

Seventeen species
 		Western, central, and eastern South America and southeastern Central America Size range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple)[78]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[78]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, gum, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, and soil[78]
Family Cebidae[edit]

Members of the Cebidae family are cebids, and include capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Cebidae comprises eighteen extant species in three genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Cebinae, or capuchin monkeys, and Saimiriinae, or squirrel monkeys.

Subfamily Cebinae – Bonaparte, 1831 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cebus
(gracile capuchin monkey)

Black and white monkey

Erxleben, 1777

Four species
 		Northern and central South America and southeastern Central America Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (Kaapori capuchin)[79]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[80]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, berries, nuts, figs, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates[79]
Sapajus
(robust capuchin monkey)

Black and brown monkey

Kerr, 1792

Seven species
 		Northern, central, and eastern South America
Map of range 		Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (multiple)[81]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[81]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nectar, pith, stems, nuts, berries, flowers, leaves, bird eggs, insects, frogs, small reptiles, birds, bats, other small mammals, oysters, and crabs[81]
Subfamily Saimiriinae – Miller, 1912 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Saimiri
(squirrel monkey)

Brown monkeys

Voigt, 1831

Seven species
 		Northern and central South America and southern Central America Size range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Central American squirrel monkey) to 36 cm (14 in) long plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Bare-eared squirrel monkey)[82]

Habitats: Forest[82]

Diets: Fruit, berries, seeds, nuts, gum, nectar, leaves, buds, flowers, insects, arachnids, bird eggs, and small vertebrates[82]
Family Pitheciidae[edit]

Members of the Pitheciidae family are pitheciids, and include titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Pitheciidae comprises 55 extant species in 5 genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Callicebinae, or titis, and Pitheciinae, or saki monkeys and uakaris.

Subfamily Callicebinae – Pocock, 1925 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Callicebus
(Atlantic Forest titi monkey)

Brown monkey

Thomas, 1903

Five species
 		Eastern South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[83]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[83]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and insects, as well as birds, vegetation, eggs, and small vertebrates and invertebrates[83]
Cheracebus
(widow titi monkey)

Black monkey

Byrne et al., 2016

Five species
 		Northern South America, Central South America, and Northwestern South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[84]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[84]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, flowers, insects, spiders, and bird eggs[84]
Plecturocebus

Brown and gray monkey

Byrne et al., 2016

23 species
 		Northern, western, and central South America Size range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple)[85]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[85]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, seeds, leaves, vines, and insects, as well as arthropods, stems, shoots, eggs, and small vertebrates[85]
Subfamily Pitheciinae – Mivart, 1865 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cacajao
(uakari)

Brown and red monkey

Lesson, 1840

Four species
 		Northern and western South America Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail (Aracá uakari)[86]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[87]

Diets: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, leaves, nectar, insects, and arthropods[86]
Chiropotes
(bearded saki)

Black monkey

Lesson, 1840

Five species
 		Northern, northeastern, and central South America Size range: 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Black bearded saki) to 52 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Reddish-brown bearded saki)[88]

Habitats: Forest[89]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nuts, flowers, and insects, as well as stems, arthropods, and leaves[88]
Pithecia
(saki monkey)

Black monkey

Desmarest, 1804

Thirteen species
 		Northern and central South America Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Napo saki) to 71 cm (28 in) long plus 55 cm (22 in) tail (Burnished saki)[90]

Habitats: Forest[90]

Diets: Seeds, fruit pulp, leaves, insects, and flowers[90]

Infraorder Tarsiiformes[edit]

Main article: List of tarsiiformes
Family Tarsiidae[edit]

Members of the Tarsiidae family are tarsiids, or colloquially tarsiers. Tarsiidae comprises fourteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Carlito

Brown tarsier

Groves & Shekelle, 2010

One species
 		Southeastern Philippines
Map of range 		Size: 8–16 cm (3–6 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail[91]

Habitats: Forest[92]

Diet: Insects, spiders, lizards, and other small vertebrates[91]
Cephalopachus

Brown tarsier

Swainson, 1835

One species
 		Western Philippines
Map of range 		Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 20–24 cm (8–9 in) tail[93]

Habitats: Forest[94]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates including birds, mammals, and reptiles[95]
Tarsius
(tarsier)

Brown tarsier

Storr, 1780

Twelve species
 		Sulawesi, Indonesia
Map of range 		Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Pygmy tarsier) to 15 cm (6 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siau Island tarsier)[96]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and caves[96]

Diets: Arthropods and insects, as well as small vertebrates[96]

Suborder Strepsirrhini[edit]

Superfamily Lemuroidea[edit]

Main article: List of lemuroids
Family Cheirogaleidae[edit]

Members of the Cheirogaleidae family are cheirogaleids, and include dwarf, mouse, giant mouse, and fork-marked lemurs. Cheirogaleidae comprises 41 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Allocebus

Drawing of brown lemur

Petter-Rousseaux & Petter, 1967

One species
 		Northeastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail[97]

Habitats: Forest[98]

Diet: Nectar, fruit, gum, leaves, honey, and insects[98]
Cheirogaleus
(dwarf lemur)

Brown lemur

É Geoffroy, 1812

Ten species
 		Madagascar Size range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Ankarana dwarf lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Greater dwarf lemur)[99]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[99]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, seeds, nectar, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and honey[99]
Microcebus
(mouse lemur)

Brown lemur

É Geoffroy, 1834

24 species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Margot Marsh's mouse lemur) to 16 cm (6 in) long plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Anosy mouse lemur)[100]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[100]

Diets: Gum, insect excretions, nectar, fruit, leaves, flowers, pollen, arthropods, and small vertebrates[100]
Mirza
(giant mouse lemur)

Brown lemur

Gray, 1870

Two species
 		Western and northern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur)[101]

Habitats: Forest[101]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, insect secretions, sap, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates[101]
Phaner
(fork-marked lemur)

Brown lemur

Gray, 1870

Four species
 		Western, northeastern, and northern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail (multiple)[102]

Habitats: Forest[102]

Diets: Sap and gum, as well as insects, insect secretions, fruit, flowers, and nectar[102]
Family Daubentoniidae[edit]

Members of the Daubentoniidae family are daubentoniids; the family comprises a single extant species, the aye-aye.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Daubentonia

Black lemur

É Geoffroy, 1795

One species
 		Western and eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 36–44 cm (14–17 in) long, plus tail[103]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[104]

Diet: Fruit, nuts, and sap[103]
Family Indriidae[edit]

Members of the Indriidae family are indriids, and include woolly lemurs, sifakas, and indri. Indriidae comprises nineteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Avahi
(woolly lemur)

Brown lemur

Jourdan, 1834

Nine species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (Betsileo woolly lemur) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Bemaraha woolly lemur)[105]

Habitats: Forest[105]

Diets: Buds and leaves, as well as flowers and fruit[105]
Indri

Black and white lemur

É. Geoffroy & G. Cuvier, 1796

One species
 		Northeastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[106]

Habitats: Forest[107]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[106]
Propithecus
(sifaka)

Black and white lemur

Bennett, 1832

Nine species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Coquerel's sifaka) to 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Diademed sifaka)[108]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[108]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, shoots, and bark, as well as soil[108]
Family Lemuridae[edit]

Members of the Lemuridae family are lemurids, and include ring-tailed, true, ruffed, and bamboo lemurs. Indriidae comprises 21 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Eulemur
(true lemur)

Black lemur

Simons & Rumpler, 1988

Twelve species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Black lemur) to 51 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Common brown lemur)[109]

Habitats: Forest[109]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, and pollen, as well as nectar, bark, insects, arthropods, fungi, and soil[109]
Hapalemur
(bamboo lemur)

Brown lemur

Geoffroy, 1851

Five species
 		Western, northern, and eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Southern lesser bamboo lemur) to 34 cm (13 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Golden bamboo lemur)[110]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest[110]

Diets: Marsh plants, bamboo, grass, pith, stems, flowers, and leaves, as well as fruit, fungi, and soil[110]
Lemur

Brown, black, and gray lemur

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
 		Southwestern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 56–63 cm (22–25 in) tail[111]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and caves[112]

Diet: Omnivorous, including fruit, leaves, stems, flowers, sap, spiders, spider webs, chameleons, insects, small birds, and termite mounds[111]
Prolemur

Brown lemur

Gray, 1871

One species
 		Eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 43–48 cm (17–19 in) tail[113]

Habitats: Forest[114]

Diet: Bamboo shoots and pith, as well as flowers, leaves, soil, and fruit[113]
Varecia
(ruffed lemur)

Black and brown lemur

Gray, 1863

Two species
 		Eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Black-and-white ruffed lemur) to 50 cm (20 in) long plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Red ruffed lemur)[115]

Habitats: Forest[116]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as leaves, flower, and seeds[115]
Family Lepilemuridae[edit]

Members of the Lepilemuridae family are lepilemurids, or colloquially sportive lemurs. Lepilemuridae comprises 25 extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lepilemur
(sportive lemur)

Gray lemur

Geoffroy, 1851

25 species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Gray-backed sportive lemur) to 41 cm (16 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Hawks' sportive lemur)[117]

Habitats: Forest[117]

Diets: Leaves, vines, fruit, flowers, spiders, and insects, as well as seeds, pollen, latex, and bark[117]

Superfamily Lorisoidea[edit]

Main article: List of lorisoids
Family Galagidae[edit]

Members of the Galagidae family are galagids, or colloquially galagos or bush babies. Galagidae comprises nineteen extant species in six genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Euoticus
(needle-clawed bushbaby)

Brown bushbaby

Gray, 1863

Two species
 		Western equatorial Africa Size range: 18–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 28–31 cm (11–12 in) tail (Northern needle-clawed bushbaby)[118]

Habitats: Forest[118]

Diets: Tree gums and resins, as well as invertebrates[118]
Galago
(lesser bushbaby)

Gray bushbaby

É Geoffroy, 1796

Four species
 		Equatorial and southern Africa Size range: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 19–30 cm (7–12 in) tail (Senegal bushbaby)[119]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[120]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, flowers, and gum, as well as small birds, eggs, and seeds[119]
Galagoides
(western dwarf galago)

Drawing of brown bushbaby

A. Smith, 1833

Three species
 		Western and central equatorial Africa Size range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Prince Demidoff's bushbaby) to 18 cm (7 in) long plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Angolan dwarf galago)[121]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[122]

Diets: Insects, as well as fruit, gum, small vertebrates, tree buds, and leaves[121]
Otolemur
(greater galago)

Brown galago

Coquerel, 1859

Two species
 		Southern and eastern Africa Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Northern greater galago) to 38 cm (15 in) long plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (Brown greater galago)[123]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[124]

Diets: Gum, sap, fruit, and insects[123]
Paragalago
(eastern dwarf galago)

Brown galago

Masters, Génin, Couette, Groves, Nash, Delpero, & Pozzi, 2017

Five species
 		Southeastern Africa Size range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Rondo dwarf galago) to 19 cm (7 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Grant's bushbaby)[125]

Habitats: Forest[126]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and flowers[125]
Sciurocheirus
(squirrel galago)

Drawing of brown bushbaby

Waterhouse, 1838

Three species
 		Western equatorial Africa Size range: 15–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail (Bioko Allen's bushbaby)[127]

Habitats: Forest[128]

Diets: Arthropods, insects, fruit, and gum, as well as small mammals[127]
Family Lorisidae[edit]

Members of the Lorisidae family are lorisids, and include lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisidae comprises sixteen extant species in five genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Lorisinae, or lorises, and Perodicticinae, or the angwantibos and pottos.

Subfamily Lorisinae – Gray, 1821 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Loris
(slender loris)

Brown loris

É Geoffroy, 1796

Two species
 		Sri Lanka and Southern India Size range: 18 cm (7 in) long with no tail (Gray slender loris) to 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Red slender loris)[129]

Habitats: Forest[130]

Diets: Insects, as well as tree frogs, geckos, small birds, eggs, and fruit[129]
Nycticebus
(slow loris)

Light brown loris

É Geoffroy, 1812

Eight species
 		Southeastern Asia (blue and brown)
Map of range 		Size range: 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Bangka slow loris) to 38 cm (15 in) long, with vestigial tail (Bengal slow loris)[131]

Habitats: Forest[132]

Diets: Resin, sap, gum, nectar, stems, fruit, invertebrates, lizards, bark, and bird eggs[131]
Xanthonycticebus

Brown loris

Nekaris & Nijman, 2022

One species
 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long, with no tail[133]

Habitats: Forest[134]

Diet: Insects, gum, resin, fruit, and bamboo[133]
Subfamily Perodicticinae – Gray, 1870 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Arctocebus
(angwantibo)

Drawing of brown loris

Gray, 1863

Two species
 		Western equatorial Africa Size range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus vestigial tail (Golden angwantibo) to 31 cm (12 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Calabar angwantibo)[135]

Habitats: Forest[136]

Diets: Insects and fruit, as well as gum[135]
Perodicticus
(potto)

Brown potto

Bennett, 1831

Three species
 		Western and central Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (East African potto) to 39 cm (15 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (West African potto)[137]

Habitats: Forest[138]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, and eggs, as well as moss and small vertebrates[137]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pough, ch. "Characteristics of Primates"
  2. ^ Pough, pp. 269–289
  3. ^ Cartmill; Smith p. 90
  4. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 114–184
  5. ^ Kingdon 2015, p. 143
  6. ^ Maisels, F.; et al. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Allenopithecus nigroviridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T865A166606573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T865A166606573.en.
  7. ^ Sides, Corey (2023). "Allenopithecus nigroviridis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Allochrocebus sizes and diets:
  9. ^ Allochrocebus habitats:
  10. ^ a b c Cercocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  11. ^ a b c Cercopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  12. ^ a b Chlorocebus sizes and diets:
  13. ^ Chlorocebus habitats:
  14. ^ a b Erythrocebus sizes and diets:
  15. ^ Erythrocebus habitats:
  16. ^ a b c Lophocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  17. ^ a b Macaca sizes and diets:
  18. ^ Macaca habitats:
  19. ^ a b c Mandrillus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  20. ^ a b c Miopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  21. ^ a b Papio sizes and diets:
  22. ^ Papio habitats:
  23. ^ a b Kingdon 2015, p. 123
  24. ^ Davenport, T. (2019). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136791A17961368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136791A17961368.en.
  25. ^ Kingdon 2015, p. 127
  26. ^ a b Gippoliti, S.; et al. (2022) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Theropithecus gelada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T21744A217754712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T21744A217754712.en.
  27. ^ a b Colobus sizes and diets:
  28. ^ Colobus habitats:
  29. ^ Nowak 1999b, p. 155
  30. ^ Boonratana, R.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Nasalis larvatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14352A195372486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14352A195372486.en.
  31. ^ Woltanski, Amy (2004). "Nasalis larvatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  32. ^ a b Piliocolobus sizes and diets:
  33. ^ Piliocolobus habitats: