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DeutschMuhammad Iqbal's political philosophy
Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938) is the national poet of Pakistan and is regarded as the soul behind creation of Pakistan.[1] The political objective condition of Indian subcontinent in pre-partition time influenced his poetry and politics. These political conditions ranged from British and Indian rivalry to the Muslim/Non Muslim or Muslim League and Congress rivalry.[2] The political philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal went through several phases of development. The first (until 1905) was pan-Indian nationalism with a belief in the nationhood based on language, culture, race, and geography. The second (1905–08) was transitional/mental conflict and the third (1908–26) was Pan-Islamism/Muslim nationalism advocating political unity of the Muslim world. The fourth (1926–38) was Supranationalism or Internationalism wherein the Muslim ummah was universal, the boundaries of the state were for administrative convenience only and the affinity was spiritual.[3]
In Iqbal's political philosophy and practice, parliamentary spiritual democratic system is universalistic and particularistic in its range. Global in nature, it is anchored in the religion of Islam that gives it a universal look. In 1926, when he entered politics to realize this ideal in practice, his ideas started to reflect the political scenario of the subcontinent.[2] Besides Islam, Iqbal had made use of a good deal of western political concepts of nationalism, democracy, secularism, sovereignty, ethics of politics and communism. But he neither fully appreciates nor discards out rightly all these concepts. On the other hand, he has expounded his own political ideals of Tawhid, Khudi, Mumin, Islamic democracy, Millat, etc. Through these patterns of thought, Iqbal try to train an individual, a society and a global Islamic order. This universal order as it is construed from the concept of ummah will strive for the promotion of Panhumanism, i.e., freedom, brotherhood, and equality of humanity.[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Niazi, Muhammad Naeem Khan (14 Aug 2021). "Allama Iqbal: the soul behind creation of Pakistan". Associated Press of Pakistan.
- ^ a b c Khan & Ahmad 2021, p. 338.
- ^ Khan & Ahmad 2021, p. 339.
Further reading[edit]
- Azam, Muhammad; Begum, Dr Irshad; Afshan, Dr Zeenat (2021). "Iqbal's Thoughts & Colonization System". Tasdiq (in Urdu). 3 (1): 170–175. ISSN 2707-6229.
- Muhar, P. S. (1957). "Political Philosophy of Sir Mohammad Iqbal". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 18 (3/4): 175–190. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 42743983.
- Rasheed, Shahid; Ahmad, Humaira (2019). "Discourse on Nationalism: Political Ideologies of Two Muslim Intellectuals, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani and Allama Muhammad Iqbal". Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization. 9 (2): 127–147. doi:10.32350/jitc.92.07. S2CID 214247581.
- Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511920172. ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1.
- Siddiqi, Mazheruddin (1976). "Iqbal's Political Philosophy". Islamic Studies. 15 (3): 195–200. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20847006.
- Tajuddin, Muhammad Saleh (2014). "Muhammad Iqbal's Philosophy of Religion and Politics: The Basic Concept of Religious Freedom". Al-Ulum. 14 (2): 419–432. ISSN 2442-8213.
- Tayib, Tahir Abbas; Perveen, Sajida (2018). "Political Philosophy of Allama Iqbal: A Literary Review" (PDF). Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences. 3 (2): 252–261. ISSN 2616-7093.