ParaHoxozoa

ParaHoxozoa
Temporal range: 605.2 –0 Ma Ediacaran-Present
Diversity of parahoxozoans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010
Taxa

ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria.[1] The relationship of this clade relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2][3][4]). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [5][6][7]), finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans,[8] or were secondarily lost in poriferans.[9] If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first, Eumetazoa is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa.[10]

Phylogeny[edit]

The tree below, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.

  Choanozoa  

 Choanoflagellata

  Animalia  

 Ctenophora

 Porifera

  Parahoxozoa  

 Placozoa

  Planulozoa  
     

 Cnidaria

 Bilateria

  
  
  
  

ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa[edit]

Though "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature,[11] as CamelCase is not standard in zoological nomenclature.[citation needed]

Characteristics[edit]

Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed[12][13] and contested[14] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such.[15]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities[edit]

The original Bilateria are hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening.[16] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora however.[17] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is.[18][19][20] Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula.[21] Usually, "Planulozoa" refers to a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade to the exclusion of Placozoa, but not necessarily.[11] In the other case, when including all three lineages, it appears synonymous with Parahoxozoa.[22] Triploblasty developed before the Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation as well.[23]

ParaHoxozoa/Parahoxozoa taxonomy[edit]

The Parahoxozoa has 3 different types of phyla that includes placozoans, cnidarians, and bilaterians.

Placozoans[edit]

These are placozoans (e.g. Polyplacotoma mediterranea, Trichoplax adhaerens, Hoilungia hongkongensis, and Cladtertia collaboinventa) are a phylum of this tiny creature.

Cnidarians[edit]

Cnidarians (e.g. Jellyfish, Coral, Sea anemone, Stalked jellyfish, Hydra, Box jellyfish, and Sea fans) have stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Bilaterians[edit]

Many species of bilterians (e.g. Eels, Flounders, Common dab, Sole (fish), Pufferfish, Stingray, Mantaray,

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044. PMID 20920347.
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