Parerga and Paralipomena

Parerga and Paralipomena (Greek for "Appendices" and "Omissions", respectively; German: Parerga und Paralipomena) is a collection of philosophical reflections by Arthur Schopenhauer published in 1851.^[1] The selection was compiled not as a summation of or introduction to Schopenhauer's philosophy, but as augmentary readings for those who had already embraced it,^[2] although the author maintained it would be comprehensible and of interest to the uninitiated nevertheless. The collection is divided into two volumes, covering first the parerga and thereafter the paralipomena to that philosophy. The parerga are six extended essays intended as supplementary to the author's thought. The paralipomena, shorter elaborations divided by topic into thirty-one subheadings, cover material hitherto unaddressed by the philosopher but deemed by him to be complementary to the parerga.^[2]

Contents[edit]

Volume One (Parerga)

Preface
Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real
Fragments for the History of Philosophy
On Philosophy at the Universities
Transcendent Speculation on the Apparent Deliberateness in the Fate of the Individual
Essay on Spirit Seeing and everything connected therewith
Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life:
- Fundamental division
- What a Man is
- What a Man has
- What a Man represents
- Counsels and Maxims
- On the Different Periods of Life

Volume Two (Paralipomena)

Stray yet Systematically Arranged Thoughts on a Variety of Subjects:

On Philosophy and its Method
On Logic and Dialectic¹
Ideas concerning the Intellect generally and in all Respects
Some Observations on the Antithesis of the Thing-in-itself and the Phenomenon
A few Words on Pantheism
On Philosophy and Natural Science
On the Theory of Colours
On Ethics
On Jurisprudence and Politics
On the Doctrine of the Indestructibility of our True Nature by Death
Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Vanity of Existence
Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Suffering of the World
On Suicide
Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Affirmation and Denial of the Will-to-Live
On Religion
Some Remarks on Sanskrit Literature
Some Archaeological Observations
Some Mythological Observations
On the Metaphysics of the Beautiful and Aesthetics
On Judgement, Criticism, Approbation, and Fame
On Learning and the Learned
On Thinking for Oneself
On Authorship and Style
On Reading and Books
On Language and Words
Psychological Remarks
On Women
On Education
On Physiognomy
On Din and Noise
Similes, Parables, and Fables²

¹ includes an introduction to The Art of Being Right, Schopenhauer's posthumously published discourse on rhetoric.^[3]
² describes the hedgehog's dilemma, an analogy about the challenges of human intimacy.

Publication[edit]

In light of the unenthusiastic reception of the philosopher's earlier publications, publishers were reluctant to commit to this, his last major work. It was only after significant difficulty and through the persuasion of the philosopher's disciple Julius Frauenstädt that Hayn of Berlin consented to publish the two volumes in a print run of 750 copies—with an honorarium of only ten copies for its author.^[2]^[4]

Parerga and Paralipomena drew the attention of John Oxenford, a noted observer and translator of German literary culture, who contributed a favourable, albeit anonymous, review of the work for the English quarterly journal Westminster Review in 1852.^[2]^[4] The following year, Oxenford would write for the journal an article on Schopenhauer's philosophy entitled "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy", which, translated into German and printed in the Vossische Zeitung would spark immediate interest of Schopenhauer's work in Germany and propel the obscure figure to lasting philosophical prominence.^[2] In the following years, Schopenhauer succeeded in publishing new editions of all his previous work on the strength of the revived interest, although his plans for a revised edition of Parerga and Paralipomena were stymied by the deterioration of his health in the months preceding his death in 1860.^[4]

Style and influence[edit]

The subject matter and stylistic arrangement of the paralipomena were significant influences on the work of philosopher and psychologist Paul Rée, and through him most notably the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, whose later work explores—following Schopenhauer—the relation of man to himself, the universe, the state, and women through the art of aphorism.^[5]

Notes[edit]

^ Wicks, Robert (November 17, 2007). "Arthur Schopenhauer". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e E. F. J. Payne, "Translator's Introduction, Schopenhauer 2000, p. xi
^ Warnock, Mary (May 8, 2005). "With respect, you're an idiot". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cartwright, David (2005). Historical Dictionary of Schopenhauer's Philosophy. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. pp. 118–121. ISBN 0-8108-5324-8.
^ Gordon, Daniel (2001). Postmodernism and the Enlightenment. New York: Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 0-415-92797-8.

Bibliography[edit]

Magee, Bryan (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-823723-5.
Schopenhauer, Arthur (2000) [1851]. Parerga and Paralipomena. E. F. J. Payne translation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-924220-8.
Singh, Ravindra (2007). Death, Contemplation and Schopenhauer. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6050-7.

External links[edit]

Studies in Pessimism public domain audiobook at LibriVox (contains selections from Parerga and Paralipomena)
Essays of Schopenhauer by Arthur Schopenhauer contains selections from Parerga and Paralipomena
The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; Religion, a Dialogue, Etc. contains selections from Parerga and Paralipomena
"Iconoclasm in German Philosophy" in The Westminster Review, Volume 59, 1853 (see p. 388)
Pararerga und Paralipomena – Link to the book at archive.org (German fraktur)
Schopenhauer Α. Sämtliche Werke. In 5 Bde. Stuttgart / Frankfurt am Main, 1976. Bd. 4; Bd. 5.

[sep-1] Wicks, Robert (November 17, 2007). "Arthur Schopenhauer". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. Retrieved August 23, 2010.

[payne-2] E. F. J. Payne, "Translator's Introduction, Schopenhauer 2000, p. xi

[grauniad-3] Warnock, Mary (May 8, 2005). "With respect, you're an idiot". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved August 23, 2010.

[cartwright-4] Cartwright, David (2005). Historical Dictionary of Schopenhauer's Philosophy. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. pp. 118–121. ISBN 0-8108-5324-8.

[postmodern-5] Gordon, Daniel (2001). Postmodernism and the Enlightenment. New York: Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 0-415-92797-8.

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v t e Arthur Schopenhauer
Books	On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason On Vision and Colours The World as Will and Representation Critique of the Kantian philosophy On the Freedom of the Will On the Basis of Morality Parerga and Paralipomena The Art of Being Right
Philosophy	Aesthetics Animal rights Criticism of Kant's schemata Hedgehog's dilemma Metaphysical voluntarism
Family	Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer (father) Johanna Schopenhauer (mother) Adele Schopenhauer (sister) Andreas Schopenhauer (grandfather) Christian Heinrich Trosiener (grandfather) Johann Schopenhauer (great-grandfather) Hendrik Soermans (great-grandfather)
Works about	Critique of the Schopenhauerian philosophy In the Presence of Schopenhauer Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy The Schopenhauer Cure
Related	Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture) Schopenhauer Society

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