Plasmodium (life cycle)

A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus.

Plasmodia are best known from slime molds, but are also found in parasitic Myxosporea, and some algae such as the Chlorarachniophyta.

Structure[edit]

A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate, and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newly-divided cells apart.^[1] In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.

Taxonomic distribution[edit]

The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski,^[2] usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic mycetozoans.^[3]

The multinucleate developmental stages of some intracellular parasites, namely Microsporidia (now in Fungi) and Myxosporidia (now in Cnidaria), former cnidosporans, are also sometimes called plasmodia.^[4]

Similarly, in Rhizaria, the amoeboid, multinucleate protoplasts of some Cercozoan algae, e.g. Chlorarachniophyta, are called plasmodia. These lack cell walls; the syncytia are created by cell fusion. Some plasmodiophorids and haplosporidians are other multinucleated rhizarians.^[5]

References[edit]

^ Sharma OP. (1988). "4. Myxomycota". Textbook of Fungi. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp. 33–48. ISBN 978-0-07-460329-1. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
^ Kuznicki, L. & Dryl, S. (1987). Leon Cienkowski. Acta Protozoologica 26 (1): 1-2, [1].
^ Berg, Linda (2008). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Corporation. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-03-075453-1.
^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9.
^ Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman JD, Roger AJ. (2012). Aggregative Multicellularity Evolved Independently in the Eukaryotic Supergroup Rhizaria. Current Biology, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1123-1127.

[1] Sharma OP. (1988). "4. Myxomycota". Textbook of Fungi. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp. 33–48. ISBN 978-0-07-460329-1. Retrieved January 31, 2013.

[2] Kuznicki, L. & Dryl, S. (1987). Leon Cienkowski. Acta Protozoologica 26 (1): 1-2, [1].

[Berg-3] Berg, Linda (2008). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2nd ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Corporation. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-03-075453-1.

[Hoek-4] Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9.

[5] Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman JD, Roger AJ. (2012). Aggregative Multicellularity Evolved Independently in the Eukaryotic Supergroup Rhizaria. Current Biology, Volume 22, Issue 12, 1123-1127.

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