Socialist International
Abbreviation | SI |
---|---|
Predecessor | Labour and Socialist International |
Formation | 3 June 1951 |
Type | International non-governmental organization |
Purpose | "Strengthen relations between the affiliated parties and to coordinate their political attitudes and activities"[1] |
Location | |
Region served | Worldwide |
Membership | 119 political parties and 13 affiliated organizations |
President | Pedro Sánchez |
Secretary General | Chantal Kambiwa |
Main organ | Congress of the Socialist International |
Secessions | Progressive Alliance |
Budget | £1.4 million (2014)[2] |
Website | socialistinternational.org |
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The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism,[1] though it consists mostly of social-democratic political parties and labour organisations.
Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents in the late 19th century. The organisation currently includes 132 member parties[3] and organisations from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries, including most of Europe. In 2013, a schism in the SI led to the establishment of the Progressive Alliance.[4]
The current secretary general of the SI is Benedicta Lasi of Ghana and the current president of the SI is the prime minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez,[5] both of whom were elected at the last SI Congress held in Madrid, Spain, in November 2022.
History[edit]
First and Second Internationals (1864–1916)[edit]
The International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, was the first international body to bring together organisations representing the working class.[6] It was formed in London on 28 September 1864 by socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade unions.[7] Tensions between moderates and revolutionaries led to its dissolution in 1876 in Philadelphia.[8]
The Second International was formed in Paris on 14 July 1889 as an association of the socialist parties.[9] Differences over World War I led to the Second International being dissolved in 1916.
Labour and Socialist International (1919–1940)[edit]
The International Socialist Commission (ISC), also known as the Berne International, was formed in February 1919 at a meeting in Bern by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International.[10] In March 1919, Communist parties formed the Communist International ("Comintern"), the Third International, at a meeting in Moscow.[11]
Some parties did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern. They formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International, Vienna Union, or Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna.[12] The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg.[13] The rise of Nazism and the start of World War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940.
Socialist International (1951–present)[edit]
The Socialist International was formed in Frankfurt in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI.[14]
During the post-World War II period, the SI aided social democratic parties in re-establishing themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975). Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the SI had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America.[15] In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose democratically elected left-wing government was subject to a campaign to overthrow it backed by the United States, which culminated in the Iran–Contra affair after the Reagan administration covertly continued US support for the Contras after such support was banned by Congress.
In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the SI had extensive contacts and discussion with the two leading powers of the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union, on issues concerning East–West relations and arms control. The SI supported détente and disarmament agreements, such as SALT II, START and INF. They had several meetings and discussion in Washington, D.C., with President Jimmy Carter and Vice President George Bush and in Moscow with Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev. The SI's delegations to these discussions were led by the Finnish Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa.[16]
Since then, the SI has admitted as members an increasing number of parties and organisations from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America (see below for current list).
Following the Tunisian Revolution, the Constitutional Democratic Rally was expelled from the SI in January 2011;[17] later that month the Egyptian National Democratic Party was also expelled;[18] and as a result of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, the Ivorian Popular Front was expelled in March 2011,[19] in accordance with section 7.1 of the statutes of the Socialist International. These decisions were approved at the subsequent SI Congress in Cape Town in 2012 in line with section 5.1.3 of the statutes.[20] These were long term ruling parties of one-party states that were overthrown in the protests of the Arab Spring.
Progressive Alliance split (2013)[edit]
On 22 May 2013 the Social Democratic Party of Germany along with some other current and former member parties of the SI founded a rival international network of social-democratic parties known as the Progressive Alliance, citing the perceived undemocratic and outmoded nature of the SI,[21][22][23][24] as well as the Socialist International's admittance and continuing inclusion of undemocratic political movements into the organization. For example, the SPD objected to the continued presence of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and the delayed ouster of the RCD and NDP.[25][26]
After the 2012 Congress, the SI underwent major changes as many of the large European parties allowed their membership to lapse – for example the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party – or downgraded their membership to observer status – for example, the British Labour Party and the Norwegian Labour Party (DNA). These parties now concentrate their international links on the Progressive Alliance, with the SI's focus now increasingly being on the global south.
Relationship with Latin America[edit]
For a long time, the Socialist International remained distant from Latin America, considering the region as a zone of influence of the United States. For example, it did not denounce the coup d'état against Socialist President Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala in 1954 or the invasion of the Dominican Republic by the United States in 1965. It was not until the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that "a world we did not know" was discovered, explained Antoine Blanca, a diplomat for the French PS. According to him, solidarity with the Chilean left was "the first challenge worthy of the name, against Washington, of an International which, until then, had done everything to appear subject to American strategy and NATO". Subsequently, notably under the leadership of François Mitterrand, the SI supported the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and other movements in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in their struggle against US-supported dictatorships.[27]
In the 1990s, it was joined by non-socialist parties that took note of the economic power of the European countries governed or to be governed by their partners across the Atlantic and calculated the benefits they could derive from it.[citation needed] During this period, "the socialist international works in a clientist way; some parties come here to rub shoulders with Europeans as if they were in the upper class," says Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, one of the representatives of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico) at the SI. It is home to "the very centrist Argentinean Radical Civic Union (UCR); the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which was not very democratically in power for seventy years; the Colombian Liberal Party—under whose governments the left-wing formation Patriotic Union (1986–1990) was exterminated—introduced the neoliberal model (1990–1994) and to which, until 2002, Álvaro Uribe will belong". In the following decade, many left-wing parties that came to power (in Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and El Salvador) preferred to keep their distance from the SI.[27]
Logo[edit]
The logo is the fist and rose, based on the 1977 design by José María Cruz Novillo for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, itself a variant of the logo of the French Socialist Party. Variants of the emblem are or were used by several SI member parties.[28]
Presidents, honorary presidents and secretaries general[edit]
Presidents[edit]
- As of 2023[update], there have been a total of 9 Socialist International presidents.
# | Name | Portrait | Country | Presidency start date | Presidency end date | Time in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Morgan Phillips (1902–1963) | United Kingdom | Labour Party | 1951 | 1957 | 6 years | |
2 | Alsing Andersen (1893–1962) | Denmark | Social Democratic Party of Denmark | 1957 | 1962 | 5 years | |
3 | Erich Ollenhauer (1901–1963) | West Germany | Social Democratic Party of Germany | 1963 | |||
4 | Bruno Pittermann (1905–1983) | Austria | Social Democratic Party of Austria | 1964 | 1976 | 12 years | |
5 | Willy Brandt (1913–1992) | West Germany | Social Democratic Party of Germany | 1976 | 1992 | 16 years | |
6 | Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013) | France | Socialist Party of France | 17 September 1992 | 10 November 1999 | 7 years, 54 days | |
7 | António Guterres (born 1949) | Portugal | Socialist Party of Portugal | 10 November 1999 | 15 June 2005 | 5 years, 217 days | |
8 | George Papandreou (born 1952) | Greece | PASOK / KIDISO | 30 January 2006 | 25 November 2022 | 16 years, 300 days | |
9 | Pedro Sánchez (born 1972) | Spain | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party | 25 November 2022 | Incumbent | 1 year, 145 days |
Honorary presidents[edit]
Current and honorary presidents include:[29]
- Mustapha Ben Jafar, Tunisia
- Leonel Brizola, Brazil
- Rubén Berríos, Puerto Rico
- Philippe Busquin, Belgium
- Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Mexico
- Mohamed El Yazghi, Morocco
- Alan García, Peru
- Anita Gradin, Sweden
- Elazar Granot, Israel
- Tarja Halonen, Finland
- Mahamadou Issoufou, Niger
- Anker Jørgensen, Denmark
- Lionel Jospin, France
- Neil Kinnock, United Kingdom
- Horacio Serpa, Colombia
- Enrique Silva Cimma, Chile
- Mário Soares, Portugal
- Hans-Jochen Vogel, Germany
Secretaries general[edit]
- Julius Braunthal, Austria (1951–1956)
- Bjarne Braatoy, Norway (1956–1957)
- Albert Carthy, United Kingdom (1957–1969)
- Hans Janitschek, Austria (1969–1976)
- Bernt Carlsson, Sweden (1976–1983)
- Pentti Väänänen, Finland (1983–1989)
- Luis Ayala, Chile (1989–2022)
- Benedicta Lasi, Ghana (2022–2024)
- Chantal Kambiwa, Ghana (2024– )
Summits[edit]
- 1951 (Ist): Frankfurt, West Germany.
- 1952 (IInd): Milan, Italy.
- 1953 (IIIrd): Stockholm, Sweden.
- 1955 (IVth): London, United Kingdom.
- 1957 (Vth): Vienna, Austria.
- 1959 (VIth): Hamburg, West Germany.
- 1961 (VIIth): Rome, Italy.
- 1963 (VIIIth): Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- 1964 (IXth): Brussels, Belgium.
- 1966 (Xth): Stockholm, Sweden.
- 1969 (XIth): Eastbourne, United Kingdom.
- 1972 (XIIth): Vienna, Austria (2nd time).
- 1976 (XIIIth): Geneva, Switzerland.
- 1978 (XIVth): Vancouver, Canada.
- 1980 (XVth): Madrid, Spain.
- 1983 (XVIth): Albufeira, Portugal.
- 1986 (XVIIth): Lima, Peru.
- 1989 (XVIIIth): Stockholm, Sweden (2nd time).
- 1992 (XIXth): Berlin, Germany.
- 1996 (XXth): New York City, United States.
- 1999 (XXIst): Paris, France.
- 2003 (XXIInd): São Paulo, Brazil.
- 2008 (XXIIIrd): Athens, Greece.
- 2012 (XXIVth): Cape Town, South Africa.
- 2017 (XXVth): Cartagena, Colombia.
- 2022 (XXVIth): Madrid, Spain (2nd time).
Members[edit]
Full members[edit]
There are 92 full members:[30][31]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes | Lower House | Upper House |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Socialist Party of Albania[32][33][34] | PS | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[35][34] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36] | 74 / 140 (53%) | |
Algeria | Socialist Forces Front[37][38][39] | FFS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Promoted to full member in 1996.[41][39] | 0 / 407 (0%) | 4 / 144 (3%) |
Andorra | Social Democratic Party[42][43] | PS | in opposition | Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][43] | 3 / 28 (11%) | |
Angola | Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola[44] | MPLA | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][44] | 124 / 220 (56%) | |
Argentina | Radical Civic Union[45] | UCR | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][45] | 34 / 257 (13%) | 13 / 72 (18%) |
Armenia | Armenian Revolutionary Federation[46][47] | ARF | in opposition | Admitted (as Armenian Socialist Party) as observer member in 1996.[41][47] Promoted (as ASP) to consultative member in 1999.[35] Promoted (as ASP) to full member in 2003.[36] | 10 / 107 (9%) | |
Belarus | Belarusian Social Democratic Party | BSDP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as observer member in 1999.[35] Promoted to consultative member in 2003.[36] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] Officially deregistered in Belarus since 2005. | 0 / 110 (0%) | 0 / 64 (0%) |
Belgium | Socialist Party[49] | PS | junior party in coalition | 20 / 150 (13%) | 7 / 60 (12%) | |
Bolivia | National Unity Front | UN | extra-parliamentary | Promoted to full member in March 2017. | 0 / 130 (0%) | 0 / 36 (0%) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina[50][43] | SDP BiH | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][43] | 6 / 42 (14%) | 0 / 15 (0%) |
Brazil | Democratic Labour Party[51] | PDT | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[52][51] Promoted to full member in 1989.[51][53] | 18 / 513 (4%) | 2 / 81 (2%) |
Bulgaria | Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats[54] | PBSD | extra-parliamentary | 0 / 240 (0%) | ||
Bulgarian Socialist Party[55] | BSP | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 2003.[36][55] | 23 / 240 (10%) | ||
Burkina Faso | People's Movement for Progress | MPP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as full member in 2016.[56] | 0 / 127 (0%) | |
Cameroon | Social Democratic Front[57] | SDF | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][57] | 5 / 180 (3%) | 1 / 100 (1%) |
Cape Verde | African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde[58] | PAICV | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Promoted to full member in 1996.[41][58] | 30 / 72 (42%) | |
Central African Republic | Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People | MLPC | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[59] Upgraded to full member in 2018. | 9 / 100 (9%) | |
Chad | National Union for Democracy and Renewal | UNDR | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[60] Upgraded to full member in 2017. | 0 / 155 (0%) | |
Chile | Party for Democracy[61] | PPD | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Promoted to full member in 1996.[41][61] | 7 / 155 (5%) | 6 / 50 (12%) |
Radical Party of Chile[62] | PRSD | junior party in coalition | 4 / 155 (3%) | 0 / 50 (0%) | ||
Socialist Party of Chile[63] | PS | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Promoted to full member in 1996.[41][63] | 13 / 155 (8%) | 7 / 50 (14%) | |
Colombia | Colombian Liberal Party[64] | PLC | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][64] | 32 / 188 (17%) | 14 / 108 (13%) |
Costa Rica | National Liberation Party[65] | PLN | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[65] | 19 / 57 (33%) | |
Croatia | Social Democratic Party of Croatia[66][67] | SDP | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 1999.[35][67] | 13 / 151 (9%) | |
Cyprus | EDEK Socialist Party[68][69] | EDEK | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[69] Promoted to full member in 1992.[40] | 3 / 56 (5%) | |
Cyprus (North) | Republican Turkish Party | CTP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2008 (pending consultation).[59] Promoted to full member in June/July 2014.[60] | 18 / 50 (36%) | |
Communal Democracy Party | TDP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in November 2015.[48] Promoted to full member in March 2017. | 0 / 50 (0%) | ||
Czech Republic | Social Democracy[70][71] | SOCDEM | in opposition | 0 / 200 (0%) | 1 / 81 (1%) | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Union for Democracy and Social Progress | UDPS | in government | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[36] | 32 / 500 (6%) | 0 / 108 (0%) |
Dominican Republic | Dominican Revolutionary Party[72] | PRD | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[72] | 4 / 190 (2%) | 0 / 32 (0%) |
Equatorial Guinea | Convergence for Social Democracy[73] | CPDS | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][73] | 0 / 100 (0%) | |
Finland | Social Democratic Party of Finland | SDP | in opposition | 43 / 200 (22%) | ||
France | Socialist Party[74] | PS | in opposition | 32 / 577 (6%) | 66 / 348 (19%) | |
Ghana | National Democratic Congress | NDC | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[36] Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] | 137 / 275 (50%) | |
Greece | PASOK – Movement for Change | PASOK-KINAL | in opposition | Full member since 1990.[75] | 32 / 300 (11%) | |
Guatemala | National Unity of Hope | UNE | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 2008.[59] | 28 / 160 (18%) | |
Guinea | Rally of the Guinean People[76][77] | RPG | in opposition | Admitted (as Guinean People's Assembly) as consultative member in 1999.[35] Promoted (as GPA) to full member in 2003.[36][77] | 1 / 81 (1%) | |
Haiti | Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats[78] | PFSDH | extra-parliamentary | Full member since 1989.[78] | 0 / 119 (0%) | 0 / 30 (0%) |
Social Democratic Assembly for the Progress of Haiti (RSD) | RSD | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as full members in 2018[79] | 0 / 119 (0%) | 0 / 30 (0%) | |
Hungary | Hungarian Socialist Party[80][81] | MSzP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[40][81] Promoted to full member in 1996.[41] | 10 / 199 (5%) | |
India | Indian National Congress | INC | in opposition | Originally joined in 1993.[82] Readmitted as full member December 2014.[83] | 47 / 543 (9%) | 30 / 245 (12%) |
Iraq | Patriotic Union of Kurdistan | PUK | junior party in coalition | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[36] Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] | 17 / 329 (5%) | |
Israel | Meretz[84][69] | מרצ | extra-parliamentary | 0 / 120 (0%) | ||
Italy | Italian Socialist Party | PSI | extra-parliamentary | 0 / 400 (0%) | 0 / 200 (0%) | |
Jamaica | People's National Party[85] | PNP | in opposition | Full member since 1952.[85] Temporarily demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[30] | 14 / 63 (22%) | 8 / 21 (38%) |
Japan | Social Democratic Party[86] | SDP | in opposition | Full member since 1951 as the Japan Socialist Party.[86] | 1 / 465 (0.2%) | 2 / 248 (0.8%) |
Kazakhstan | Nationwide Social Democratic Party | JSDP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[87] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] | 4 / 98 (4%) | |
Kyrgyzstan | Social Democrats (Kyrgyzstan) | SDK | in opposition | Legal successor to the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan. | 1 / 90 (1%) | |
Lebanon | Progressive Socialist Party[88] | PSP | in opposition | Full member since 1980.[88] | 8 / 128 (6%) | |
Lithuania | Social Democratic Party of Lithuania[89] | LSDP | in opposition | Full member since the 1990s.[89] | 13 / 141 (9%) | |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party[90][91] | LSAP/POSL | in opposition | Full member since 1951.[91] | 11 / 60 (18%) | |
Mali | Alliance for Democracy in Mali[92] | ADEMA-PASJ | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][92] Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] Status unclear following the 2020 Malian coup d'état. | 24 / 147 (16%) | |
Rally for Mali | RPM | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[36] Status unclear following the 2020 Malian coup d'état. | 51 / 147 (35%) | ||
Mauritania | Rally of Democratic Forces | RFD | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[36] Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] | 0 / 176 (0%) | |
Mauritius | Labour Party[93] | PT | in opposition | Full member since 1969.[93] | 13 / 69 (19%) | |
Mauritian Militant Movement[94] | MMM | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][94] Part of the Alliance of the Heart. | 9 / 69 (13%) | ||
Mexico | Institutional Revolutionary Party[95] | PRI | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][95] | 68 / 500 (14%) | 13 / 128 (10%) |
Moldova | European Social Democratic Party[96] | PSDE | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[59] Promoted to full member in 2012.[87] Part of Alliance for European Integration. | 0 / 101 (0%) | |
Mongolia | Mongolian People's Party[97][98] | MPP | in government | Admitted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) as observer member in 1999.[35][98] Promoted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) to full member in 2003.[36][98] | 62 / 76 (82%) | |
Montenegro | Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro[99] | DPS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[36] Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] | 17 / 81 (21%) | |
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro[99][100][101] | SDP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[41] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[35] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][101] | 0 / 81 (0%) | ||
Morocco | Socialist Union of Popular Forces[102][103][104] | USFP | in opposition | Promoted to full member in 1992.[40] | 37 / 395 (9%) | 8 / 120 (7%) |
Mozambique | Frelimo Party[105] | FRELIMO | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35] | 184 / 250 (74%) | |
Namibia | South West Africa People's Organisation | SWAPO | in government | Promoted to full member in 2008.[59] | 63 / 96 (66%) | 28 / 42 (67%) |
Nepal | Nepali Congress[106][107] | NC | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[53] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35][107] | 88 / 275 (32%) | 10 / 59 (17%) |
Niger | Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism[108] | PNDS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][108] Status unclear following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état. | 79 / 171 (46%) | |
Pakistan | Pakistan Peoples Party[108] | PPP | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[53] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][109] | 0 / 336 (0%) | 20 / 100 (20%) |
Palestine | Fatah[110][111] | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[41] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[35] Promoted to full member in 2012.[87] | 45 / 132 (34%) | ||
Panama | Democratic Revolutionary Party[112] | PRD | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[52][112] Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36] | 35 / 71 (49%) | |
Paraguay | Progressive Democratic Party | PDP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[59] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] | 0 / 80 (0%) | 0 / 45 (0%) |
Peru | Peruvian Aprista Party[113] | PAP | extra-parliamentary | Promoted to full member in 1999.[35] | 0 / 130 (0%) | |
Philippines | Philippine Democratic Socialist Party | PDSP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[40] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[30] Delisted in December 2014. Reinstated in 2019. | 0 / 316 (0%) | 0 / 24 (0%) |
Portugal | Socialist Party[114] | PS | in government | 120 / 230 (52%) | ||
Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican Independence Party[115] | PIP | in opposition | Consultative member in 1987, full member in 1994.[115] Promoted to full member in 1992.[40] | 1 / 51 (2%) | 1 / 27 (4%) |
Romania | Social Democratic Party[116][117] | PSD | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] Promoted to full member in 1999.[35] PSDR admitted as consultative member in 1992, full member in 2001.[117] Admitted as full member in 2003.[36] Both parties merged into PSD in 2001. | 107 / 330 (32%) | 49 / 136 (36%) |
San Marino | Party of Socialists and Democrats[108] | PSD | junior partner in coalition | Consultative member in 1961, full member in 1980.[108] | 4 / 60 (7%) | |
Senegal | Socialist Party of Senegal[118][119] | PS | junior partner in coalition | Full member since the 1970s.[119] Boycotted last election. | 0 / 150 (0%) | |
Slovakia | Direction – Social Democracy[120] | SMER-SD | in government | Full member.[120] | 42 / 150 (28%) | |
South Africa | African National Congress[121] | ANC | in government | Admitted as full member in 1999.[35][121] | 230 / 400 (58%) | 54 / 90 (60%) |
Spain | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party[122] | PSOE | in government | Full member since 1951.[122] | 121 / 350 (35%) | 88 / 266 (33%) |
Tunisia | Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties | FDTL | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[36] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[30] Promoted to full member in 2012.[87] Boycotted the 2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election.[123] | 0 / 217 (0%) | |
Turkey | Republican People's Party[124][125][126] | CHP | in opposition | Took Social Democratic Populist Party's place in 1995.[126] | 129 / 600 (22%) | |
Uruguay | New Space[127][128] | PNE | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[35] Promoted to full member in 2003.[36][128]Party does not individually stand in elections but participates as part of the Broad Front. | ||
Venezuela | A New Era | UNT | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[129] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] | 0 / 277 (0%) | |
Democratic Action[130][131] | AD | in opposition | Observer member in 1966, consultative member in 1981, full member mid 1980s.[131] | 11 / 277 (4%) | ||
Popular Will | VP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as full member in December 2014.[83] | 0 / 277 (0%) | ||
Yemen | Yemeni Socialist Party | YSP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[36] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[59] Promoted to full member in 2012.[87] | 8 / 301 (3%) |
Consultative parties[edit]
There are 19 consultative parties:[30][31]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes | Lower House | Upper House |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Botswana | Botswana Democratic Party | BDP | in government | Admitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[60] | 38 / 65 (58%) | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Unified Lumumbist Party | PALU | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in December 2014.[83] Upgraded to consultative in 2019. | 17 / 500 (3%) | 2 / 108 (2%) |
Djibouti | Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development | MRD | — | Admitted as consultative members in 2019. | ||
Eswatini | People's United Democratic Movement | PUDEMO | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[129] Political parties are banned in Eswatini. | ||
Gabon | Gabonese Progress Party | PGP | — | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[41] | 0 / 143 (0%) | |
Gambia | United Democratic Party | UDP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[87] | 15 / 58 (26%) | |
Georgia | Social Democrats for the Development of Georgia | SDD | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[129] | 0 / 150 (0%) | |
Ghana | Convention People's Party | CPP | extra-parliamentary | Admitted as consultative member in 2018 | 0 / 275 (0%) | |
Guinea-Bissau | African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | PAIGC | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[59] | 47 / 102 (46%) | |
Iran | Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan | PDKI | — | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[41] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[59] Officially banned in Iran. | ||
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan | KPIK | — | Admitted as observer member in 2014[132] Promoted to consultative member in 2018 [133] Officially banned in Iran. | |||
Palestine | Palestinian National Initiative[111] | PNI | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[59] Promoted to consultative member in 2012.[87] | 2 / 132 (2%) | |
Palestinian Popular Struggle Front | PPSF | junior partner in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 2018. | 0 / 132 (0%) | ||
Sahrawi Republic | Polisario Front | POLISARIO | in government | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[59] Promoted to consultative member in 2017.[134][135] | 51 / 51 (100%) | |
São Tomé and Príncipe | Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party | MLSTP/PSD | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[129] | 18 / 55 (33%) | |
Syria | Democratic Union Party | PYD | extra-parliamentary opposition | Admitted as consultative member in November 2015.[48] | 0 / 250 (0%) | |
Togo | Democratic Convention of African Peoples | CDPA | extra-parliamentary opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[35] | 0 / 91 (0%) | |
Ukraine | Social Democratic Party of Ukraine[136] | SDPU | extra-parliamentary opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[36] | 0 / 450 (0%) |
Observer parties[edit]
There are eight observer parties:[30][31]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eswatini | Swazi Democratic Party | SWADEPA | — | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[60] |
Ireland | Labour Party[137][138] | in opposition | ||
Kenya | Labour Party of Kenya | Admitted as observer member in 2012.[87] | ||
Kosovo | Vetëvendosje | VV | in government | Admitted as observer member in 2018. |
Lesotho | Lesotho Congress for Democracy | LCD | junior party in coalition | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[60] |
Serbia | Social Democratic Party of Serbia | SDPS | junior party in coalition | Admitted as observer member in 2018. |
Somaliland | Justice and Welfare Party | JWP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2013 [139] |
United Kingdom | Labour Party[140] | in opposition | Member since 1951.[140] Welsh Labour is in government in Wales and London Labour holds the London Mayoralty. The party asked to be downgraded to observer status in February 2013 "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks."[141] The request was accepted later that year. | |
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) | Social Democratic and Labour Party[142][143] | SDLP | in opposition | Admitted as a full member in 1974.[143] |
Former members[edit]
Fraternal organisations[edit]
- International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International[144]
- Socialist International Women[145]
Associated organisations[edit]
- Arab Social Democratic Forum, ASDF
- Euro-Latin American Forum of Progressive and Socialist Parliamentarians
- International Federation of the Socialist and Democratic Press[144]
- International Jewish Labor Bund[146]
- International Labour Sports Confederation[146]
- International League of Religious Socialists[147][41][148]
- International Social Democratic Union for Education[147]
- World Labour Zionist Movement, WLZM
- National Democratic Institute[149]
- Party of European Socialists[108]
- Social Democratic Group of the Latin American Parliament
See also[edit]
- Left-wing Internationals
Chronologically by ideology:
- United left wing
- International Workingmen's Association, the First International (1864–1876)
- Anarchist
- International Anarchist Congresses: at first with the 1st International; followed by:
- International Working People's Association, sometimes known as the "Black" International (1881-1887); anarchist
- International Workers' Association – Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores IWA–AIT (est. 1922) and the International of Anarchist Federations (IFA; est. 1968), with several spin-offs: Libertarian Communist International (est. 1954), Anarchist International Conference (est. 1958), International Libertarian Solidarity (SIL/ILS) network (est. 2001)
- Socialist & labour
- Second International (1889–1916), socialist and labour
- Berne International (est. 1919), socialist
- International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP), aka 2½ International or Vienna International, founded by Austro-Marxists (1921-1923)
- Labour and Socialist International (1923-1940), created by merger of Vienna and Berne Internationals
- Communist
- Communist International, aka Third International or Comintern (1919-1943)
- Trotskyist
- Fourth International (1938-1953 schism) led by the International Secretariat (ISFI); followed by Trotskyist internationals.
- Fourth International (post-reunification) (since 1963), by reunification of ISFI and parts of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)
- Democratic socialism
- Socialist International (est. 1951)
- Reunification efforts
- Fifth International, phrase referring to socialist and communist groups aspiring to create a new workers' international
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b "Statutes of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ "Finances of the International". Socialist International.
- ^ "About Us". Socialist International.
- ^ Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2020). "The Post-war Rise and Decline of the Left". In Toby Carroll; Shahar Hameiri; Lee Jones (eds.). The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Politics and Uneven Development Under Hyperglobalisation. Springer Nature. p. 150. ISBN 978-3-03-028255-4.
- ^ "Presidium". Socialist International.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 176.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxiv.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxv.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 302.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 52.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 77.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 177.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 197.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 320.
- ^ The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America, Routledge, 1989
- ^ Väänänen, Pentti (2012). Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. pp. 192–194. ISBN 9789525787115.
- ^ "SI decision on Tunisia". Socialist International. 17 January 2011.
- ^ "Socialist International finally kicks out Mubarak". Foreign Policy. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "SI Presidium addresses situation in Côte d'Ivoire". Socialist International. 19 March 2011.
- ^ "Statutes". Socialist International. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ Bruderzwist unter Sozialisten - Politik - Süddeutsche.de. Sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk - SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel.de (22 May 2013). Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ Sozialdemokratie: „Progressive Alliance“ gegründet - Politik. FAZ. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ (in German) Sozialistische Internationale hat ausgedient: SPD gründet "Progressive Alliance". n-tv.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ "SPD will Sozialistischer Internationale den Geldhahn zudrehen und den Mitgliedsbeitrag nicht zahlen – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ Sigmar Gabriel (3 February 2011). "Gastbeitrag: Keine Kumpanei mit Despoten | Meinung – Frankfurter Rundschau" (in German). Fr-online.de. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ a b Les enfants cachés du Général Pinochet. Précis de Coups d'État Modernes et autres tentatives de déstabilisation. Éditions Don Quichotte. 2015. pp. 613–614.
- ^ "Cruz Novillo JR: "Sería bueno que el PSOE entendiera el valor de preservar el patrimonio de su logo"". Gràffica (in Spanish). 7 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ "Honorary Presidents of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f "Member Parties". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c "Social Democratic Parties". Broad Left. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Key Political Parties in Albania". Balkan Insight. 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Albania". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 323.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "XXI Congress of the Socialist International, Paris - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ "FFS (Socialist Forces Front)". European Institute for Research on Euro-Arab Co-operation. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Algeria". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 319.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "XX Congress of the Socialist International, New York - Congress Decisions Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ "Benvinguts" (in Catalan). Social Democratic Party (Andorra). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 311.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 270.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 286.
- ^ "In the Socialist International". Armenian Revolutionary Federation. 22 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 37.
- ^ a b c d e f "Meeting of the SI Council in Luanda, Angola 27-28 November 2015". Socialist International.
- ^ "L'Action Internationale" (in French). Socialist Party (Belgium). Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Bosnia Herzegovina". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015.
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 101.
- ^ a b "XVII Congress of the Socialist International, Lima - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c "XVIII Congress of the Socialist International, Stockholm - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 67.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 68.
- ^ "SI Member Parties in Government". www.socialistinternational.org. Socialist International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 307.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "XXIII Congress of the Socialist International, Athens - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e "SI Council Meeting in Mexico City". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 265.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 314.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 325.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 211.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 245.
- ^ "Croatia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 312.
- ^ "Movement for Social Democracy". Movement for Social Democracy.
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 308.
- ^ "Our Party". Czech Social Democratic Party. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 95.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 108.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 87.
- ^ "L'internationale socialiste" (in French). Socialist Party (France). Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 262.
- ^ "Attack on President Condé an assault on democracy". Socialist International. 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 148.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 351.
- ^ "Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva". Socialist International. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ "A Magyar Szocialista Párt…" (in Hungarian). Hungarian Socialist Party. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 158.
- ^ Gabriel Sheffer (1993). Innovative Leaders in International Politics. SUNY Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-7914-1520-7. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ a b c "Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva". Socialist International.
- ^ "Israel". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 271.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 186.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "XXIV Congress of the Socialist International, Cape Town - Decisions on Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 283.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 214.
- ^ "LSAP aujourd'hui" (in French). Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 217.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 29.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 230.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 229.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 167.
- ^ "Moldova". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015.
- ^ "Party History". Mongolian People's Party. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 238.
- ^ a b "Montenegro". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005.
- ^ "Socijalistička internacionala" (in Montenegrin). Social Democratic Party of Montenegro. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 313.
- ^ "Relations internationales" (in French). Socialist Union of Popular Forces. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Morocco". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 328.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 132.
- ^ "Introduction". Nepali Congress.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 250.
- ^ a b c d e f Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 267.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 261.
- ^ "Fatah becomes member of Socialist International". Ma'an News Agency. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Palestinian Territories". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 290.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 273.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 280.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 285.
- ^ "Afiliere internationala" (in Romanian). Social Democratic Party (Romania). Archived from the original on 16 April 2013.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 293.
- ^ "Le Parti en bref" (in French). Socialist Party of Senegal. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 326.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 107.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 24.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 336.
- ^ "Tunisie : Une coalition politique annonce son boycott des prochaines législatives". Gnet news (in French). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ "European Union Representation". Republican People's Party.
- ^ "Turkey". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 289.
- ^ "Nuevo Espacio" (in Spanish). New Space (Uruguay). Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 253.
- ^ a b c d "Decisions of the Council" (PDF). socialistinternational.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Propuestas" (in Spanish). Democratic Action. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 100.
- ^ "Decisions on membership taken during the inter-congress period ratified by the XXV Congress". Socialist International. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "Geneva 2018". Socialist International. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Polisario Front becomes consultative member of Socialist International association Sahara Press Service, 4 March 2017
- ^ MEMBER PARTIES of the SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL - Consultative parties Socialist International
- ^ "Ukraine". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "International Solidarity". Labour Party (Ireland). 5 May 2004. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 180.
- ^ "Istanbul 2013". Socialist International. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 63.
- ^ Black, Ann. (6 February 2013) Report from Labour’s January executive. Left Futures. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Our History". Social Democratic and Labour Party. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 305.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 170.
- ^ "Socialist International Women". Socialist International Women. 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 173.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 174.
- ^ "What is the ILRS?". International League of Religious Socialists.
- ^ "Political Parties". National Democratic Institute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011.
References[edit]
- Lamb, Peter; Docherty, James C. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Second ed.). The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5560-1. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Further reading[edit]
- The Socialist International by Nikolai Sibilev, 1984.
- Social Democracy and Southern Africa by Vladimir Shubin (pseudonym of Vladimir Bushin), 1989.
- Julius Braunthal, "The Rebirth of Social Democracy," Foreign Affairs, vol. 27, no. 4 (July 1949), pp. 586–600. In JSTOR
- Pentti Vaananen, The Rose and the Fist, SYS Print, 2014, pp. 50–230. ISBN 978-952-93-3706-4