Spanish Army

Spanish Army
Ejército de Tierra
Emblem of the Spanish Army
Founded	15th century
Country	Spain
Type	Army
Role	Land force
Size	85,978 personnel (2022)[1]
Part of	Spanish Armed Forces
Garrison/HQ	Buenavista Palace, Madrid
Mascot(s)	Crowned rampant eagle with Saint James cross
Commanders
Commander in Chief	King Felipe VI
Chief of Staff of the Army	Army General Amador Fernando Enseñat y Berea[2]
Insignia
Flag patch
Aircraft flown
Attack helicopter	Tiger
Reconnaissance	Airbus EC-665 Tiger
Trainer	Colibrí EC135
Transport	Chinook Cougar NH90

The Spanish Army (Spanish: Ejército de Tierra, lit. 'Army of Land') is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is one of the oldest active armies – dating back to the late 15th century.

The Spanish Army has existed continuously since the reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (late 15th century). The oldest and largest of the three services, its mission was the defence of Peninsular Spain, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Melilla, Ceuta and the Spanish islands and rocks off the northern coast of Africa.

During the 16th century, Habsburg Spain saw steady growth in its military power. The Italian Wars (1494–1559) resulted in an ultimate Spanish victory and hegemony in northern Italy by expelling the French. During the war, the Spanish Army transformed its organization and tactics, evolving from a primarily pike and halberd wielding force into the first pike and shot formation of arquebusiers and pikemen. During the 16th century, this formation evolved into the tercio infantry formation.

Backed by the financial resources drawn from the Americas,^[3] Spain fought wars against its enemies, such as the long-running Dutch Revolt (1568–1609), defending Christian Europe from Ottoman raids and invasions, supporting the Catholic cause in the French civil wars and fighting England during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The Spanish Army grew in size from around 20,000 troops in the 1470s to around 300,000 troops by the 1630s during the Thirty Years' War that tore Europe apart, requiring the recruitment of soldiers from across Europe.^[4] With such numbers involved, Spain had trouble funding the war effort on so many fronts. The non-payment of troops led to many mutinies and events such as the Sack of Antwerp (1576), in which 17,000 people died.^[5]

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) drew in Spain alongside most other European states. Spain entered the conflict with a strong position, but the ongoing fighting gradually eroded her advantages; first Dutch, then Swedish innovations had made the tercio more vulnerable, having less flexibility and firepower than its more modern equivalents.^[6] Nevertheless, Spanish armies continued to win major battles and sieges throughout this period across large swathes of Europe. French entry into the war in 1635 put additional pressure on Spain, with the French victory at the Battle of Rocroi in 1643 being a major boost for the French. By the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Spain was forced to accept the independence of the Dutch Republic.

Spain remained an important naval and military power, depending on critical sea lanes stretching from Spain through the Caribbean and South America, and westwards towards Manila and the Far East.

The Army was reorganized on the French model and in 1704 the old Tercios were transformed into Regiments. The first modern military school (the Artillery School) was created in Segovia in 1764. Finally, in 1768 King Charles III sanctioned the "Royal Ordinances for the Regime, Discipline, Subordination, and Service in His Armies", which were in force until 1978.^[7]

In the late 18th century, Bourbon-ruled Spain had an alliance with Bourbon-ruled France and therefore did not have to fear a land war. Its only serious enemy was Britain, which had a powerful Royal Navy; Spain, therefore, concentrated its resources on its Navy. When the French Revolution overthrew the Bourbons, a land war with France became a danger which the king tried to avoid.

In Spanish Army the officer corps was selected primarily on the basis of royal patronage, rather than merit. About a third of the junior officers had been promoted from the ranks, and they did have talent, but they had few opportunities for promotion or leadership. The rank-and-file were poorly trained peasants. Elite units included foreign regiments of Irishmen, Italians, Swiss, and Walloons, in addition to elite artillery and engineering units. In combat, small units fought well, but their old-fashioned tactics were hard to use against the French Grande Armée, despite repeated desperate efforts at last-minute reform.^[8]

In 1808, Napoleon tried to depose Carlos IV of Spain and install his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne, sparking the Peninsular War. Initially, there was little resistance and Spain was occupied. Soon, however, Spanish units began to reorganize and set up guerrilla warfare, culminating in a Spanish victory at the Battle of Bailén within the first two months of the war. The defeated French evacuated the peninsula all the way to the Ebro valley near the Pyrenees, suffering many humiliating defeats against the regular Spanish Army. They were among the first sound defeats of the hitherto seemingly unbeatable Imperial French Army, forcing Napoleon to intervene personally with massive forces, but also sparked the War of the Fifth Coalition, as other European powers, led by Austria, were encouraged to declare war on France. The situation steadily worsened for the French although Napoleon brought more effective troops into the peninsula, as the guerrilla insurgents increasingly took control of Spain's battle against Napoleon and created a more or less unified underground national resistance, for which traditional armies of the time were not organized or prepared for yet.^[9] By 1812, however, the army controlled only scattered enclaves, and could only harass the French with occasional raids.^[10] Fortunately for the Spanish, the disastrous French invasion of Russia severely weakened the French Army and forced Napoleon to cut troop concentrations in Spain, ultimately allowing the Army, militia and their British allies to drive the French out of Spain by 1814.

The Spanish Army emerged from the Napoleonic Wars devastated as a result of years of destructive conflict during the Peninsular War.^[11] A series of conflicts in Spain's American colonies with the aim of political independence from the Spanish Empire, which had broken out in 1808, led to the loss of a majority of these colonial possessions by 1833.^[12] During these conflicts, numerous armies from Spain were dispatched to Spanish America in order to defeat the Latin American revolutionaries; these efforts proved mostly unsuccessful. Combined with disturbances in Spain against the Spanish government, Spain's military strength suffered further during the post-Napoleonic era of the early 19th century. Recognizing the need to reform the Spanish Army, reforms were passed by the government of Spain during this period to reform and modernize the armed forces into a professional standing army; as part of these reforms, conscription was adopted by the Spanish Army. This grew the size of the Army to 250,000 in 1828, and it increased in 1830 to 300,000 soldiers. This therefore made the Spanish Army a relatively strong Army in Europe, though internal conflicts did affect the Army, forcing them to chose sides.^{[citation needed]}

Spain faced a series of internal dynastic conflicts, collectively known as the Carlist Wars (1833–1876), during the 19th century; these conflicts led the Spanish state to undergo a series of reforms directed at its military, administrative, and social structures.^[13] As consequence of the Carlist Wars, and the weakness of the central structures of government under the Spanish monarchy, many generals with political ambitions staged coup d'états, known as pronunciamientos, which continued to occur until Bourbon Restoration in Spain under King Alfonso XII. These military interventions against the civil government eventually shaped a permissive cultural and political mentality, with a tacit expectation in Spain of "special emergency interventions" from the military that would pervade well into the first third of the 20th century.^[14] In 1920, the Spanish Army was composed of roughly 500,000 men, many of whom would participate in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).^{[citation needed]}

During the Second Spanish Republic, the Spanish government enlisted over ten million men to the army.

Some US citizens came to Spain to fight in their civil war for two main reasons. The first being to promote their ideals and the other being to escape the trials of living in North America during the great depression.

The Americans totaled 2,800 and suffered heavy casualties: 900 killed and 1,500 wounded. The war ended in April-May 1939.

This period can be divided in four phases:^[15]

• 1939–1945: Second World War
• 1945–1954: International Isolation (lack of means)
• 1954–1961: Agreement with the United States (a certain improvement in means and capabilities)
• 1961–1975: Development plans (economic basis for the modernisations that follows in the 1970s and 1980s).

At the end of the Civil War, the Francoist (Nationalist) Army counted 1,020,500 men, in 60 divisions.^[16] During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the Spanish Army to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts.^[17] In October 1940, the Army had sixteen line infantry divisions; three mountain divisions; one cavalry division; and five divisions in Spanish Morocco (IX Army Corps and X Army Corps), for a total of twenty-five. Other units included, in addition to those of the army corps in each captaincy: four tank regiments; field artillery, coastal and anti-aircraft regiments; regiments of different engineering specialties; the garrisons of the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, Ifni-Sahara, and the naval bases; and more than one hundred workers' battalions.

A few weeks after the end of the war, the eight traditional Military Regions (Madrid, Sevilla, Valencia, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Burgos, Valladolid, and the VIII Military Region at La Coruña) were reestablished. In 1944 the IX Military Region, with its headquarters in Granada, was created.^[16] The Air Force became an independent service, under its own Ministry of the Air.

Concerns about the international situation, Spain's possible entry into the Second World War, and threats of invasion led Franco to undo some of these reductions. In November 1942, with the Allied landings in North Africa and the German occupation of Vichy France bringing hostilities closer than ever to Spain's border, Franco ordered a partial mobilization, bringing the army to over 750,000 men.^[17] The Air Force and Navy also grew in numbers and in budgets, to 35,000 airmen and 25,000 sailors by 1945, although for fiscal reasons Franco had to restrain attempts by both services to undertake dramatic expansions.^[17]

During the Second World War, the Army in metropolitan Spain had eight Army Corps, with two or three Infantry Divisions each.^[18] Additionally, the Army of Africa had two Army Corps in Northern Africa, and there were the Canary Islands General Command and the Balearic Islands General Command, one Cavalry Division, plus the Artillery's General Reserve. In 1940 a Reserve Group, with three Divisions, was created.^[16]

Although Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco was neutral and did not bring Spain into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany, he permitted volunteers to join the German Army (Wehrmacht) on the condition they would only fight against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, and not against the Western Allies or any Western European occupied populations. In this manner, he could keep Spain at peace with the Western Allies, while repaying German support during the Spanish Civil War and providing an outlet for the strong anti-Communist sentiments of many Spanish nationalists. Officially designated as División Española de Voluntarios by the Spanish Army and as 250 Infanterie-Division in the German Army, the Blue Division was the only component of the German Army to be awarded a medal of their own, commissioned by Hitler in January 1944 after the Division had demonstrated its effectiveness in impeding the advance of the Red Army, on the Volkhov front (October 1941 – August 1942) and in the siege of Leningrad (August 1942 – October 1943), mainly at the battle of Krasny Bor.^[19]

At the end of the Second World War, the Spanish Army counted 22,000 officers, 3,000 NCO and almost 300,000 soldiers. The equipment dated from the Civil War, with some systems produced in Germany during the World War. Their doctrines and training were obsolete, as they had not incorporated the teachings of the Second World War; Scianna elaborates on the weaknesses of equipment, political role, and worldview.^[20] This situation lasted until the agreements with the United States in September 1953.^[15]

After the signing of the military agreement with the United States in 1953, the assistance received from Washington allowed Spain to procure more modern equipment and to improve the country's defence capabilities. More than 200 Spanish officers and NCOs received specialised training in the United States each year. With the Barroso Reform (1957), the Spanish Army abandoned the organisation inherited from the Civil War to adopt the United States' pentomic structure. General Instruction 158/107 of 1958 led to the raising of three experimental infantry divisions (DIE 11 at Madrid, DIE "Guzman el Bueno" 21 at Algeciras, and DIE 31 at Valencia).^[21] Instruction 160/115 of January 15, 1960 extended these changes to another five transformation divisions (DIT, at Gerona, Málaga, Oviedo, Vigo, Vitoria, respectively) and the four mountain divisions (divisións de infantería de montaña, DIM).^[22] Most of the heavy divisions had five manoeuvre agrupaciones based on two to three regiments and support formations, while the Mountain Divisions "Urgel" 42, 51, 52, and "Navarra" 62 had six batallón de cazadores de montaña anchored on two to three regiments, an independent company, and what appears to be a battalion of motorised infantry.^[23]

Theoretically, these divisions were divided between three corps that would have reached across the boundaries of the Captaincies General if they had been formed:^[24]

• Army Corps 1 (Madrid): DIE 11, DIE 61, DIT 71, DIT 81;
• Army Corps 2 (Seville): DIE 21, DIE 31, DIT 41, DIT 91;
• Army Corps 3 (Zaragoza): DIM 42, DIM 51, DIM 52, DIM 62.

All in all, after the Barroso Reform, the Spanish Army had eight Pentomic infantry divisions, four mountain divisions, Armoured Division No. 1 "Brunete", the "Jarama" Cavalry Division, organized into a division HQ and four armoured groups ("agrupaciones blindadas"), three independent Armoured Brigades at rather reduced strength, and three Field Artillery Brigades ("Brigada de artillería de campaña") with assigned artillery groups.^[15]

The 1965 Reforms were inspired by then-contemporary French organisation and doctrine. Camilo Menéndez Tolosa's reforms from 1965 divided the Army into two categories: the Immediate Intervention Forces (FII, Field Army) and the Defensa Operativa del Territorio (DOT, Operational Territorial Defence (Territorial Army)) territorial forces.

The FII had the mission of defending the Pyrenean and the Gibraltar frontiers and of fulfilling Spain's security commitments abroad. It was to be "an army corps equipped and trained for conventional and limited nuclear warfare, ready to be deployed within or outside national borders."^[25] It was made up of:

• Armoured Division No. 1 "Brunete", with two armoured Brigades;
• Mechanised Infantry Division "Guzmán el Bueno" No. 2, with Mechanised Infantry Brigade XXI (BRIMZ XXI) at Cordoba,^[26] and Motorised Infantry Brigade XXII (BRIMT XXII) at Jerez;^[27]
• Motorised Division "Maestrazgo" No. 3 with its headquarters in Valencia and two brigades;
• Parachute Brigade (raised 1973)
• Air-Transportable Brigade
• Armoured Cavalry Brigade
• Army Corps support units

The DOT was to maintain security in the regional commands and of reinforce the Civil Guard and the police against subversion and terrorism. It comprised nine independent Infantry Brigades (one in every one of the Military Regions of Spain), organized with a brigade HQ and two infantry battalions each; the Mountain Infantry Division No. 4 "Urgell"^[28] and Mountain Infantry Division No. 6 "Navarra";^[27] the Mountain Reserve of the Army High Command; the Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla commands, with their respective DOT units including the Regulares (six groups later reduced to four) and the Spanish Legion (4 Tercios); and the Army General Reserve Command, composed of DOT units working as the reserve force of the Army, the equivalent to the United States Army Reserve.^[15]

During the last years of the Francoist regime, contemporary weapons and vehicles were ordered for the Army. In 1973, the military education system was reformed in depth, in order to make its structure and objectives similar to those existing in the civilian universities. It was during this time that the Spanish Army fought in the campaigns in what is now Western Sahara against Arab forces in the area who agitated for the end of Spanish colonial rule.

Three main events characterise this period: creation of a single Ministry of Defence (1977) to replace the three existing military ministries (Army, Navy and Air Ministries), the failed coup d'état in February 1981 and the accession to NATO in 1982.

The Modernización del Ejército de Tierra (META) plan was carried out from 1982 to 1988 so that Spain could achieve full compliance with NATO standards.^[29] Military regions in mainland Spain were reduced from nine to six; the Intervention Force (FII) and the Territorial Defence (DOT) were merged; the number of brigades was reduced from 24 to 15; and personnel numbers cut from 279,000 to 230,000.

The end of the Cold War meant the disappearance of the Eastern Bloc threat. The reduction of the term of military service for conscripts until its complete abolition in 2001^[30] and the increasing participation of Spanish forces in multinational peacekeeping operations abroad^[31] were the main drivers for changes in the army after 1989.

Three reorganisation plans have been implemented since. The first was the RETO plan (1990).^[32] In 1994, Plan NORTE was published, which was implemented between 1995 and 1999. NORTE eliminated four of the five existing divisions, leaving the Army composed of the Permanent Force and the Mobilizable Reserve.^[33] The Permanent Force included a mechanized division of three brigades, a cavalry brigade, a parachute brigade, a light airborne brigade, a Legion brigade, a mountain hunter brigade, the garrison forces of the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, and other support elements. The now "Manoeuvre Force", located in the old Captaincy of Valencia, was reduced to an army corps equivalent of a complete heavy division and the equivalent of a light division with reduced support. The Mobilizable Reserve included three mobilizable infantry brigades, a mobilizable cavalry brigade and other support units. The captaincies general finally disappeared, being replaced by regional commands. The third plan was the Instruction for Organisation and Operation of the Army (IOFET) 2005.

In 2001, when compulsory military service was still in effect, the army was about 135,000 troops (50,000 officers and 86,000 soldiers). Following the suspension of conscription the Spanish Army became a fully professionalised volunteer force and by 2022 had a personnel strength of 74,700 active military personnel and 8,478 men in reserve.^[34] In case of a war or national emergency, an additional force of 80,000 Civil Guards comes under the Ministry of Defence command

Weapon	Image	Origin	Type
Combat knife
KCB–77 M1		Germany Spain	It is used with the G-36E assault rifle
Semi-automatic pistol
Heckler & Koch USP		Germany	The USPs of the German manufacturer Heckler & Koch were acquired in 2011 for 4.1 million euros and delivered until 2013[35]
Glock 43		Austria	Used in smaller numbers[36]
Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5		Germany	Both the UMP-9 (in 9 mm Parabellum) and the UMP-45 (in .45 ACP) versions are in use by the Special Operations Command
Heckler & Koch UMP
Heckler & Koch MP7			Used by Special Operations Groups[37][38]
FN P90		Belgium
Assault rifle
Heckler & Koch G36E		Spain	Standard issue rifle,[39][40] produced under license by Santa Bárbara Sistemas since 1999, alongside variants G36KE and G36CE; equipped without integral red dot sight, instead with a Picatinny Rail to mount an EoTech holographic sight[41]
Heckler & Koch HK417		Germany	G28 variants in use[42]
Sniper rifle
Accuracy International Arctic Warfare		United Kingdom	Precision rifle in two versions, each with a different caliber, the AW308 in 7.62 × 51 mm NATO and the AW50 in 12.7 × 99 mm NATO (.50 BMG)
Barrett M95		United States	These rifles were supplied as standard with two types of riflescopes: the Austrian Swarovski Optik Habicht PF 10X42L for daytime use and the NVIS (night vision system) KN202FAB from the Norwegian manufacturer Simrad Optronics A/S
Machine gun
Heckler & Koch MG4		Germany	Standard issue LMG
Heckler & Koch MG5			Used by Special Operations Groups
Rheinmetall MG3			Standard issue medium machine gun[43]
FN MAG		Belgium	Machine gun in NATO caliber 7.62 × 51 mm, manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal. As part of the FAMET helicopter crews[44]
M-60 machine gun		United States	7.62 × 51 mm NATO machine gun, installed in FAMET Chinooks and Netón Mk.2 special operations vehicles
Browning M2		United States	Caliber 12.7 × 99 mm NATO. The original models were modernized to the Quick Change Barrel (QCB) version. They are equipped with the 237 MGS+/3x/120 holographic sight from the American company IntelliOptix
Grenade launcher
Heckler & Koch AG-36		Germany	40 mm single-shot grenade launcher for the G-36E assault rifle
SB LAG 40		Spain	40 mm automatic grenade launcher can be used from the ground with a tripod and mounted on helicopters or vehicles such as the VAMTAC , the Iveco LMV Lince , the BMR or the M-113
Mk 19 grenade launcher		United States	Mod. 3. Version, "Advanced Grenade Launcher," of the Mk-19, an automatic 40 mm grenade launcher. Its maximum range is 1,500 meters when used against point targets and 2,050 meters against area targets
Anti-tank rocket launcher
C-100 Alcotán		Spain	The Army has more than 900 rocket launchers, as well as nearly 300 VOSEL firing guides, 23 simulators, and 53 training devices
C-90 CR		Spain	The C-90 rocket-propelled 90 mm grenade launcher is a disposable, shoulder-fired launcher that can be carried by a single infantryman. It features a VN38-C night vision device
Spike		Israel	To replace the MILAN missile. Total 2,630 Spike LR (including 260 launchers and associated training systems) and 200 Spike ER missiles (for use by Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopters). A total of 236 launchers and 2,360 Spike LR missiles was assigned to the Spanish Army, while the remaining 24 launchers and 240 missiles was assigned to the Spanish Marines
TOW 2A		United States	The Army acquired 200 TOW-LWL (Light Weight Launcher) launchers with second-generation thermal imaging cameras from ENOSA, as well as 2,000 BGM-71 TOW 2A rockets, which were delivered starting in 1996. 68 of these launchers are mounted on combat vehicles such as the VAMTAC, BMR or M-113
Mortar
ECIA L65/60		Spain	30 sold to the Uruguayan National Army
ECIA L65/81		Spain	1,040 ECIA L-65/81 medium 81mm mortars, including 446 vehicle-mounted. 120 were sold to the Uruguayan National Army in 2014
ECIA L65/105		Spain
ECIA L65/120		Spain	449 ECIA L-65/120 heavy mortars with a caliber of 120 mm were delivered, of which 60 were sold to the Uruguayan National Army in 2014. Of the remaining 110 are mounted on armored vehicles

Model	Image	Origin	Variant	Quantity	Notes
Leopard 2E		Germany  Spain	2A6E	219	In 2023, the Spanish government approved a contract worth 208 million euros to carry out some modernizations of the Leopard 2E tanks.[45]
Leopard 2		Germany	2A4	78	Before the crisis-related budget cuts, it was planned to convert 40 of these machines, 24 into pioneer versions and a further 16 into bridge-laying versions[46]

Model	Image	Origin	Variant	Type	Quantity	Notes
Centauro		Italy		Wheeled tank destroyer	84	105 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial
VEC-M1		Spain		Cavalry scout vehicle	135	Replaced by VCR 8x8 Dragon
Pizarro (ASCOD)		Spain  Austria	VCI/C	Infantry fighting vehicle	204	30 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial
			VCPC	Command and communications vehicles	21
Bandvagn 206		Sweden	Bv206 Bv206s	Tracked articulated vehicle	47/20
M113		United States	M113A1 M113A2 M577A2	Tracked Amored personnel carrier	ca.1200	replacement in planning
Tracked support vehicle / VAC		Spain	Pizarro (ASCOD)	Support Vehicle	394 (planned in a first phase)	In 2023, the Spanish government approved the launch of a contract to produce 394 vehicles worth almost €2 billion. There will be several versions and it will replace the M113.[47][48]
Pegaso BMR		Spain	BMR-600 BMR-600M1	Wheeled Amored personnel carrier	648	12.70 mm machine gun Replaced by VCR 8x8 Dragon
VCR 8x8 Dragon		Spain		Wheeled Amored personnel carrier	18 of 348	planned 998 (348 in the first phase, 365 in the second and 285 in the third)[49]
RG-31 Nyala		South Africa		Infantry mobility vehicle MRAP	150	12.70 mm or 7.62 mm MG-3 machine gun and LAG-40 grenade launcher

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Quantity	Notes
Iveco LMV		Spain	Infantry mobility vehicle	346	It can carry a 7.62 or 12.70 mm machine gun should be replaced by URO VAMTAC
URO VAMTAC		Spain	All Terrain 4x4 tactical vehicle	2900	Patrol Ambulance Support, Logistic Closed Reconnaissance Utility CBRN defense
Santana Anibal		Spain	an all terrain 4x4 utility vehicle	ca.2000	A total of around 3,050 units were purchased. Will be replaced by the Iturri VMTT Landtrek
EINSA MM-1A Mk-2 Falcata		Spain	Light utility vehicle	29	They offer space for six fighters or two stretchers and can also be equipped with weapons in holders.
EINSA Netón		Spain	unarmored light tactical vehicle	24	The Netón is a Spanish unarmored light tactical transport vehicle used by special forces
Nissan		Japan Spain	Utility vehicle		Terrano Patrol Navara Pathfinder
Iturri VMTT Landtrek		France Spain	Utility Vehicle	+-200/4500	Militarized version (VMTT stands for Military Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle) of the commercial off-road vehicle Peugeot Landtrek, developed by the Spanish company Iturri.[50]

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Quantity	Notes
URO		Spain	Light Truck		URO Vamtac SK95 URO 115pm URO MT149 URO MAT18.14
Iveco-Pegaso		Spain  Italy	Medium Truck		different versions
Iveco		Italy	Heavy Truck		different versions
M-548		United States	Ammunition transporter	158	armored

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Quantity	Notes
CZ-10/25E		Spain	Armoured engineering vehicle	38	M-60 CZ 10/25E Alacrán engineer tank based on the M-60A1 chassis
Pizarro CEV (Castor)		Spain	Armoured engineering vehicle	36	The Army planned to procure 47 engineer combat vehicles in the second phase of the Pizarro program. This number varied in the first contract amendment, rising to 48 units, but was ultimately reduced to just 36 in the second amendment
Leopard REC		Germany	Armoured recovery vehicle	16	The Büffel, Buffalo or Leopard 2ER is the recovery version of the Leopard 2 tank
M47ER3		United States	Armoured recovery vehicle	22	M47ER3 – Spanish armored recovery vehicle
BMR M1 VCZ		Spain	Armoured recovery vehicle	33	Similar version to the M-113 VCZ, in this case built on a BMR chassis
Centauro REC		Italy	Armoured recovery vehicle	4	Four units of the recovery version of the VBM Freccia (derived from the Centauro) were acquired, arriving in July 2011, and the number is expected to be increased by at least two more in the future. This variant, of which the ET is the first worldwide user, is known in Spain as the Centauro VCREC. It is equipped with a thruster/stabilizer blade, a crane, and two winches (one main and one auxiliary), as well as two machine guns for self-protection
Maxxpro		United States	Armoured recovery vehicle	14	Armored MRAP (Mine Resistant and Improvised Ordnance Disposal) recovery vehicle, purchased used by the US Army.
M113		United States	Armoured recovery vehicle	60	Converted in Spain by Santa Bárbara from standard models into the VCZ (Sapper Combat Vehicle) version by adding a pusher bucket and a 7.5 tonne winch
M60 VLPD		United States	Vehicle launched bridge	12	12 vehicles equipped with the German Leguan bridge. This bridge has the advantage over the M-60 AVLB in that it slides and is therefore less conspicuous than the first, which had to be raised for use.[51]
Husky 2G		South Africa	Mine clearance vehicle	6	A vehicle from the American company NIITEK (Non-Intrusive Inspection Technology), equipped with a front-axle-mounted Visor 2500 ground-penetrating radar from the same company CSI (Critical Solutions International) for detecting buried explosives. In 2012, six units of the Husky 2G version were purchased for €12.76 million, which were received at the end of the same year.[52]

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Quantity	Notes
M109		United States	155mm Self-propelled gun	96	M109A5
Santa Bárbara Sistemas		Spain	155mm Field gun	82	16 operated by RACTA Mobile Coastal Artillery Group (GACTA)
L118		United Kingdom	105mm Field gun	56	L118A1 replaces the OTO Melara Mod 56
VAMTAC		Spain	81mm Mortar carrier	10	Equipped with Cardom MORTAR
Silam		Israel	Rocket launcher PULS	12 planned	System of the temporary joint venture (UTE) between Escribano and Rheinmetall Expal Munitions, developed based on the PULS system from the Israeli company Elbit Systems, mounted on an Iveco 8×8 truck, with Escribano's Aspis remote control turret and GMV's Talos fire control system. It will be equipped with two batteries of six launchers each. They will have 16 Accular containers (288 missiles with a range of 35 kilometers), 28 Extra (112 guided missiles with a range of 150 kilometers), and 32 Predator (64 missiles with a range of 300 kilometers).

Model	Image	Origin	Variant	Type	Quantity	Notes
Oerlikon-Contraves GDF-005/007 35/90		Switzerland	Anti-aircraft artillery	35mm	92	18 renewed Skyguard and 27 Skydor fire directions
MIM-23B I-Hawk Phase III		United States	Surface-to-Air missile		32
NASAMS		United States	Surface-to-Air missile system	AIM-120 AMRAAM	8	AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel 3D-Radar
Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot(PAC-2)		United States	Surface-to-Air missile	PAC2 PAC3+	18	purchased from Germany on MAN Trucks
MBDA Mistral missile		United States	Anti-aircraft infrared homing missile system	Mistral 1	168	Purchase of 100 used Mistral 3 rockets from France worth 47,795,000 euros starting in 2020
Thales Raven 2D-Radar		Netherlands	2D-Radar			for MBDA Mistral missile

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Variant	Quantity	Notes
Eurocopter Tiger		Europe	Attack helicopter	HAD-E	18	Helicopter upgrade planned
CH-47 Chinook		United States	Transport helicopter
				CH-47F	17
AS332 Super Puma		Europe	Transport helicopter	AS332B	14
AS532 Cougar		France	Transport helicopter	AS532AL	6
				AS532UL	11
NH-90		Europe	Transport helicopter	TTH	16	10 ordered
Bell 212		United States	Transport helicopter		3	phased out 2025
Eurocopter H135		Europe	Transport helicopter	T2 and T2+	16

Model	Image	Origin	Type	Variant	Quantity	Notes
RQ-11 Raven		United States	Mini UAV		72
IAI Searcher		Israel	UAV	MK II-J MK III	3/1
Fulmar X		Spain	Mini UAV		2	Range of eight hours and distances of 800 kilometers
Sirtap		Spain  Colombia	Drone		27 planned	The Sirtap is an unmanned aerial vehicle for surveillance and reconnaissance, jointly developed by Airbus D&S Spain and the Colombian CIAC, whose study began in 2017.

Digital woodland	Digital desert

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1
Spanish Army[53] v t e
	Capitán general		General de ejército		Teniente general		General de división		General de brigada		Coronel		Teniente coronel		Comandante		Capitán		Teniente			Alférez

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Spanish Army[53] v t e
	Suboficial mayor			Subteniente			Brigada		Sargento primero	Sargento	Cabo mayor						Cabo primero						Cabo				Soldado (larga duración)		Soldado (compromiso inicial)

• Army of Spain (Peninsular War)
• FAMET
• Spanish Legion
• Spanish Republican Army
• Coats of Arms, Badges and Emblems of the Spanish Army
• List of military weapons of Spain

• Instruction no. 59/2005, of 4 April 2005, from the chief of the army staff on army organisation and function regulations, published in B.O.D. NO. 80 of 26 April 2005
• Lehardy, Diego, Spanish Army in a difficult phase of its transformation, RID magazine, July 1991.
• Mogaburo López, Fernando (2017). Historia Orgánica De Las Grandes Unidades (1475–2018) (PDF). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa – Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
• Scianna, Bastian Matteo (2019). "Stuck in the past? British views on the Spanish army's effectiveness and military culture, 1946–1983". War and Society. 38 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/07292473.2019.1524347. S2CID 159007579. Antiquated material and limited budgets were not the only reasons for the army's low potential wartime capability after World War II. "..Spain continued to field around twenty divisions, whereas the defence industry and available national resources could only sustain six operational divisions. A regular Spanish infantry division could muster full strength with modern infantry weapons, while other ‘teeth’ units – like the artillery and engineers – were reduced to one-third of their ideal levels. The supporting ‘tail’ was so underdeveloped that divisions were statically bound to their home depot and could only defend their military district after six months mobilisation.." [The paper] draws on British and German sources to demonstrate how Spanish military culture prevented an augmented effectiveness and organisational change.

• Home page of the Spanish Land Army (in English)
• Recruitment page (in Spanish)
• The Spanish Military Forum