Stratigraphy of New Zealand

Cartoon cross-section of New Zealand stratigraphy.[1] Cenozoic deformation has been removed for clarity.

This is a list of the units into which the rock succession of New Zealand is formally divided. As new geological relationships have been discovered new names have been proposed and others are made obsolete. Not all these changes have been universally adopted. This table is based on the 2014 New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (Litho2014).[1][2] However, obsolete names that are still in use and names postdating the lexicon are included if it aids in understanding.[3]

Names for particular rock units have two parts, a proper name which is almost always a geographic location where the rock is found and a hierarchical rank (e.g. Waitematā Group). This ranking system starts with individual 'beds' of rock which can be grouped into 'members', members are grouped into 'formations', formations into 'subgroups' then 'groups'. In New Zealand, groups are further combined into 'supergroups' or for basement rocks into terranes. Not all of these hierarchical layers are necessarily present within a particular rock succession. Many New Zealand rocks can also have names based on their major rock types, such as the Wooded Peak Limestone or the Hawks Crag Breccia.[4]

Summary of New Zealand high order rock names[edit]

New Zealand stratigraphy has also informally been divided into two 'megasequences'.[1] The Austral Superprovince (Cambrian-Cretaceous) includes all basement rocks and the Zealandia Megasequence (Cretaceous-Holocene) refers to those, younger rocks, that cover them. The Austral Superprovince is divided into the Eastern and Western Province, which have seven and two terranes respectively. The Zealandia Megasequence is divided into five supergroups, from oldest to youngest they are the Momotu, Haerenga, Waka, Māui and Pākihi supergroups.[1]

New Zealand rocks

Basement rocks (Austral Superprovince)[edit]

Supergroup/Terrane[1] Complex/Group/Terrane[1] Period[2] Location[2] Summary[2][3][5] Notable feature
Takaka Terrane Haupiri Group Cambrian Tasman Conglomerate and siltstone Oldest rocks in New Zealand (early Mid-Cambrian)[6]
Takaka Terrane Devil River Volcanics Group[6] Cambrian(Middle)-Cambrian(Late) Tasman Volcanic rock. Arc igneous rocks and sediments
Takaka Terrane Mount Patriarch Group[7] Ordovician(Early) Tasman Marine. Siltstone and limestone
Takaka Terrane Mount Arthur Group Ordovician(Late)-Silurian Tasman Marble, mudstone with conodonts and sparse corals Mount Arthur Marble[8] in which Harwoods Hole is formed.
Takaka Terrane Ellis Group Devonian(Early) Tasman Schist and quartzite
Takaka Terrane Edgecumbe Group Cambrian(Middle)-Cambrian(Late) Fiordland Meta-conglomerate, sandstone and basalt
Takaka Terrane Cameron Group Paleozoic(Early) Fiordland Meta volcanic rocks and sediments
Takaka Terrane Pegasus Group[9] Paleozoic(Early) Stewart Island Schist
Western Province Tuhua Intrusives Permian North Island, South Island Granite and other plutonic rocks
Buller Terrane Greenland Group Cambrian-Ordovician(Early) Westland, Tasman, Fiordland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, Once thought to be Precambrian and New Zealand's oldest rocks[10]
Buller Terrane Golden Bay Group Ordovician(Middle)- Ordovician(Late) Tasman Schist, shale and quartzite
Buller Terrane Reefton Group[11] Devonian West Coast, Nelson Sandstone, limestone and mudstone
Buller Terrane Fanny Bay Group Ordovician Fiordland Pelites, semi-pelites (graphitic), quartzite
Western Province Parapara Group[12] Permian(Late)-Triassic Tasman Conglomerate, quartzite and slate
Western Province Median Tectonic Zone Permian North and South Islands Multiple arc sequences
Drumduan Terrane Pepin Group[13] Jurassic Nelson Conglomerate
Drumduan Terrane Drumduan Group[14] Jurassic Nelson Marine. Mudstone, siltstone and tuff
Drumduan Terrane Teetotal Group Triassic Nelson Conglomerate
Drumduan Terrane Largs Group Cretaceous Fiordland, Southland Volcanic rock. Andesite, tuff and breccia
Drumduan Terrane Paterson Group Jurassic(Late) Stewart Island Schistose volcaniclastic sediments and volcanic rhyolite and dacite
Brook Street Terrane Brook Street Volcanics Group Permian Nelson Volcanic rocks and sediments. Mafic-intermediate volcanic island arc
Brook Street Terrane Greenhills Group[15] Permian(Middle) Southland Volcaniclastic breccia, dolerite, basalt with sandstone and marble
Brook Street Terrane Productus Creek Group[16] Permian-Triassic Southland Shallow marine and volcanogenic sediments
Murihiku Terrane Huriwai Group Jurassic(Late) Waikato, Auckland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Apotu Group Jurassic(Late) Waikato, Auckland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Kirikiri Group Jurassic(Middle)-Jurassic(Late) Waikato, Auckland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Rengarenga Group Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Early) Waikato, Auckland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Newcastle Group Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Middle) Waikato Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Richmond Group Triassic Nelson Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Diamond Peak Group Jurassic(Early) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Ferndale Group Jurassic(Middle) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff Cathedral Cave and Curio Bay petrified Forrest, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane Mataura Group Jurassic(Middle) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane North Range Group Triassic(Early)- Triassic(Middle) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff Rock type exposed in cliffs and sea stacks at Nugget Point, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane Taringatura Group Triassic(Middle)-Triassic(Late) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff Rock type exposed in cliffs and sea stacks at Nugget Point, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane Kuriwao Group Permian(Middle) Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff
Murihiku Terrane Park Volcanics Group[17] Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Early) Southland Volcanic rock. Andesites
Eastern Province Kaka Point Structural Belt[18] Triassic Southland Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones
Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane Dun Mountain Ultramafics Group Permian South Island Plutonic rock. Ultramafic rocks and serpentinites Source of pounamu (jade)
Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane Livingstone Volcanic Group Permian South Island Volcanic and plutonic rock. Gabbro and basalt flows
Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane Maitai Group Permian-Triassic South Island Marine. Turbidite sequence and minor conglomerate
Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane Otanomomo Complex Permian Southland Plutonic rock. Gabbro and diorite
Caples Terrane Caples Group Permian(Late)-Triassic(Late) North and South Islands Greywacke and ophiolite mélange Greenstone/Croisilles Mélange[19]
Caples Terrane Chrystalls Beach Complex Triassic(Middle) Southland Schist mélange
Haast Schist Kaimanawa Schist Jurassic Rotorua Schist
Haast Schist Terawhiti Schist Carboniferous-Triassic Wellington Schist "The most underwhelming outcrop of schist in New Zealand."[20]
Haast Schist Marlborough Schist Carboniferous - Triassic South Island Schist
Haast Schist Alpine Schist Carboniferous - Triassic South Island Schist Source of pounamu (jade)
Haast Schist Otago Schist Carboniferous - Jurassic[21] Otago Schist
Haast Schist Chatham Schist Triassic Chatham Islands Schist
Torlesse Composite Terrane Pahau Terrane[22] Jurassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early) North and South Islands Greywacke
Torlesse Composite Terrane Kaweka Terrane Jurassic(Early)-Cretaceous(Early) Rotorua, Hawkes Bay, Wanganui Greywacke
Torlesse Composite Terrane Rakaia Terrane Carboniferous-Jurassic North and South Islands Greywacke Main rock type of the Southern Alps
Torlesse Composite Terrane Esk Head Belt[23] Triassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early) Wairarapa to North Canterbury Mélange Boundary of the Rakaia and Pahau Terranes.
Torlesse Composite Terrane Pahaoa Group Cretaceous(Early) Wairarapa Greywacke
Torlesse Composite Terrane Clent Hills Group Jurassic North Canterbury Greywacke
Waipapa Composite Terrane Waipapa Group[24] Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Late) Northland, Auckland Greywacke and chert-basalt mélanges
Waipapa Composite Terrane Manaia Hill Group Jurassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early) Waikato, Auckland Greywacke

Cover sequence (Zealandia Megasequence)[edit]

Supergroup/Terrane[1] Complex/Group/Terrane[1] Period[2] Location[2] Summary[2][3][5] Notable feature
Momotu Supergroup Matawai Group Cretaceous Gisborne Marine. Sandstone, tuff and melange Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup Ruatoria Group Cretaceous Gisborne Volcanic rock Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup Matakaoa Volcanics Cretaceous- Cenozoic(Early) Gisborne Volcanic rock and sediments Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup Mangapurupuru Group[25] Cretaceous Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay Marine. Conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone
Momotu Supergroup Pororari Group Cretaceous West Coast Terrestrial sedimentary Hawks Crag Breccia, uranium mineralization,[26]
Momotu Supergroup Hapuku Group Cretaceous(Late) Marlborough Marine. Sandstone and marls
Momotu Supergroup Coverham Group Cretaceous(Middle)-Cretaceous(Late) Marlborough Marine. Siltstone and sandstone
Momotu Supergroup Wallow Group Cretaceous(Early) Marlborough Volcanic and sedimentary rocks .
Momotu Supergroup Mount Somers Volcanics Group Cretaceous Canterbury Intermediate to silicic volcanic flows and domes
Momotu Supergroup Waihere Bay Group Cretaceous Chatham Islands Sandstone and conglomerate
Momotu Supergroup Pitt Island Group Cretaceous(Late) Chatham Islands Volcanic Rocks. Trachyte, tuff Pitt Island
Momotu Supergroup Puysegur Group Cretaceous Fiordland Marine. Sandstone, siltstone rare conglomerate.
Momotu Supergroup Matakea Group Cretaceous(Middle)-Cretaceous(Late) Otago Terrestrial. Breccia, conglomerate and coal
Momotu Supergroup Hoiho Group[27] Cretaceous(Late) Great South Basin Terrestrial. Sandstone and conglomerate, with minor coal Possible hydrocarbon source rock in Great South Basin[28]
Momotu Supergroup Houhora Complex (Mt Camel Terrane) Cretaceous(Early) Northland Volcanic rocks and sediments
Momotu Supergroup Tangihua Complex Cretaceous(Early) Northland Auckland Basalt, sandstone, mudstone Part of the Northland Allochthon[29]
Momotu Supergroup Tupou Complex[30] Cretaceous(Early) Northland Marine. Sandstone and mudstone Part of the Northland Allochthon[29]
Momotu Supergroup Ngahape Volcanic Complex Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene Wairarapa Plutonic rock. basalt sills with minor dolerite, breccia and teschenite
Momotu Supergroup Mandamus Igneous Complex[31] Cretaceous(middle) Canterbury Volcanic rock. basalt
Momotu Supergroup Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex[32] Cretaceous(Middle) Marlborough Dike swarm and cumulates
Haerenga Supergroup Motatau Complex Eocene-Oligocene Northland Sandstone, Limestone Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Haerenga Supergroup Mangakahia Complex Cretaceous(Late)-Eocene Northland, Auckland Mudstone Part of the Northland Allochthon,[33]
Haerenga Supergroup Te Kuiti Group Eocene(Late)-Oligocene(Late) Waikato, Northland, Auckland Sandstone, Coal, Limestone
Haerenga Supergroup Moa Group Paleocene-Eocene Taranaki Marine.
Haerenga Supergroup Kapuni Group Paleocene-Eocene Taranaki, Tasman Terrestrial. Alluvium Rocks forming the cliff and sea stacks around Cape Farewell and Wharariki Beach,
Haerenga Supergroup Tinui Group Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene Wairarapa, Gisborne Marine. Mudstone and sandstone Dinosaur fossils (Tahora Formation),
Haerenga Supergroup Mangatu Group Paleocene-Oligocene Gisborne Marine. Mudstone and sandstone
Haerenga Supergroup Tora Group Cretaceous(Late)-Eocene Wairarapa Marine. Mudstone, sandstone and greensand
Haerenga Supergroup Jenkins Group Eocene-Miocene Nelson Coal
Haerenga Supergroup Rapahoe Group Eocene-Oligocene Westland Marine and marginal marine sediments
Haerenga Supergroup Pakawau Group[34] Cretaceous(Late) Nelson, Taranaki Coal Measures
Haerenga Supergroup Paparoa Coal Measures Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene Westland Coal Measures
Haerenga Supergroup Eyre Group Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene(Early) Marlborough Volcanic and sedimentary rock. Basalt and greensand Plesiosaur fossils in the Conway Formation,
Haerenga Supergroup Muzzle Group Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene Marlborough Marine. Mudstone, greensand, limestone and volcanic rock
Haerenga Supergroup Seymour Group Cretaceous(Late) Marlborough Marine. Sandstone and limestone
Haerenga Supergroup Tioriori Group Paleocene(Late)-Eocene(Early) Chatham Islands Marine. Limestone and greensand
Haerenga Supergroup Kekerione Group Paleocene(Late)-Eocene(Late) Chatham Islands Marine and volcanic rock. Limestone, tuff and volcanic rock
Haerenga Supergroup Annick Group Eocene Southland Terrestrial. Sandstone and siltstone
Haerenga Supergroup Onekakara Group Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene Otago, Canterbury Marine. Siltstone Host for the Moeraki Boulder concretions
Haerenga Supergroup Matakea Group Cretaceous(Middle)- Cretaceous(Late) Otago Terrestrial and marine. Sandstone and coal
Haerenga Supergroup Ohai Group Cretaceous(Late) Southland Terrestrial. Breccia, sandstone and coal
Haerenga Supergroup Nightcaps Group Eocene-Oligocene Southland Terrestrial. Coal and sandstone Nightcaps coal mines
Haerenga Supergroup Balleny Group Eocene-Oligocene Fiordland Terrestrial and marine
Haerenga Supergroup Pakaha Group[27] Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene Great South Basin Marine. Mudstone Possible hydrocarbon source rock in Great South Basin[28]
Haerenga Supergroup Rakiura Group[27] Paleocene-Eocene Great South Basin Marine. Mudstone
Haerenga Supergroup Campbell Island Group[35] Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene(Middle) Campbell Island Marine. Limestone Campbell Island,
Haerenga Supergroup Non-Grouped formation Eocene Nelson, West Coast Terrestrial sedimentary Brunner Coal Measures[36] and the Brunner Mine,
Waka Supergroup Motatau Complex Eocene-Oligocene Auckland Marine, Limestones and calcareous mudstones Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Waka Supergroup Tangihua Complex Cretaceous(Early) Auckland and Northland Volcanic rock.Basalt Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Waka Supergroup Te Kuiti Group[37] Eocene(Late)-Oligocene(Late) Waikato, Northland, Auckland Marine, minor terrestrial. Clastic and biogenic sediments Host rock of the Waitomo Caves and the Piercy Island hole in the rock.
Waka Supergroup Ngatoro Group Oligocene Taranaki Marine. Sandstone, limestone and greensand
Waka Supergroup Mangatu Group Paleocene-Oligocene Gisborne Marine. Mudstone and sandstone
Waka Supergroup Nile Group Oligocene-Miocene(Early) Westland Marine. Limestones Punakaiki Rocks and Oparara Basin Arches.
Waka Supergroup Motunau Group Oligocene-Pleistocene(Late) North Canterbury Marine. Quartzose sandstone and minor siltstone
Waka Supergroup Cookson Volcanics Group Oligocene(Early) North Canterbury Volcanic Rock.
Waka Supergroup Kekenodon Group Oligocene-Miocene(Early) South Canterbury Glauconitic sandstone and sandy limestone Kokoamu Greensand and the Castle Hill climbing area
Waka Supergroup Alma Group Eocene(late)- Oligocene(early) Otago, South Canterbury Marine. Limestone, marl and volcanic rocks Oamaru Stone (limestone) and volcanic rocks in the cliffs around Oamaru.
Waka Supergroup Balleny Group Eocene-Oligocene Fiordland Breccia
Waka Supergroup Waiau Group Oligocene-Miocene Southland Marine and terrestrial. Conglomerate, breccia, limestone and sandstone
Māui Supergroup Reinga Group Cretaceous-Paleocene Northland Terrestrial, minor marine. Conglomerates and fluvial deposits
Māui Supergroup Parengarenga Group Oligocene-Miocene(Early) Northland Marine. Sandstone and mudstone
Māui Supergroup Coromandel Group Miocene(Early)-Pliocene Coromandel Volcanic rock Hard rock gold mines on the Coromandel Peninsula[38]
Māui Supergroup Waitakere Group[39] Early Miocene Auckland Volcanic rock. Basaltic-andesite and conglomerate Lion Rock, Piha
Māui Supergroup Otaua Group Oligocene(Late)-Miocene Northland Marine. Mudstone with minor sandstone
Māui Supergroup Ti Point Group[40] Miocene(Late)-Holocene Northland Volcanic rock
Māui Supergroup Whitianga Group Miocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early) Coromandel, Auckland, Northland Volcanic rock. Rhyolite lava dome and ignimbrite, minor sediments
Māui Supergroup Waitemata Group[41] Miocene Auckland Marine. Turbidites Sea cliffs around Waitematā Harbour.
Māui Supergroup Kiwitahi Volcanic Group[42] Miocene Auckland, Waikato, Rotorua Volcanic rock. Andesite
Māui Supergroup Whakamarama Group Pleistocene(Middle) Bay of Plenty Volcanic rock. Andesite and ignimbrite
Māui Supergroup Wai-iti Group Miocene(Middle-late) Taranaki Marine. Sandstone and mudstone
Māui Supergroup Whangamomona Group Miocene(Middle)-Pliocene(Early) Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui Marine. Sandstone and siltstone
Māui Supergroup Mokau Group Miocene(Early) Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui Terrestrial. Sandstone and coal
Māui Supergroup Mahoenui Group Miocene(Early) Taranaki Marine. Turbidites
Māui Supergroup Tolaga Group Miocene Gisborne Marine. Sandstone, limestone and mudstone
Māui Supergroup Awatere Group Miocene(Late)-Pliocene(Late) Marlborough Marine. Conglomerate and sandstone
Māui Supergroup Blue Bottom Group Miocene-Pliocene Westland, Nelson Marine. Calcareous sandstone and siltstone
Māui Supergroup Rappahannock Group Miocene(Late)- Pleistocene(Early) Nelson Terrestrial. Sandstone and conglomerate
Māui Supergroup Motunau Group Oligocene(Late)- Pleistocene North Canterbury Marine. Glauconitic, calcareous sandstone, with minor siltstone
Māui Supergroup Burnt Hill Group Oligocene-Pliocene(Early) North Canterbury Marine, minor terrestrial. Basalt breccia and sandstone
Māui Supergroup Diamond Harbour Volcanic Group[43][44] Miocene(Late)-Pliocene)Early) North Canterbury Volcanic rock.Basalt Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup Mount Herbert Volcanic Group[43][44] Miocene(Late) North Canterbury Volcanic rock.Basalt Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup Akaroa Volcanic Group[43][44] Miocene(Late) North Canterbury Volcanic rock. Basaltic to trachytic lava flows Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup Lyttelton Volcanic Group[43][44] Miocene(Late) North Canterbury Volcanic rock.Basalt Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup Dunedin Volcanic Group Miocene Eastern Otago Volcanic rock. Multi phase shield volcano Otago Peninsula and the north side of Otago Harbour.
Māui Supergroup East Southland Group Oligocene(Late)-Miocene(Middle) Southland Terrestrial.
Māui Supergroup Otakou Group Oligocene- Miocene South Canterbury, Otago Marine. Sandstone, mudstone and limestone Cliff of Caversham Sandstone at Tunnel Beach, Dunedin.
Māui Supergroup Manuherikia Group Miocene-Pliocene Otago, Southland Terrestrial. Fluvial sediments New Zealand's only fossilized land mammal (St Bathans fauna)).
Māui Supergroup Hawkdun Group Miocene(Late)-Pliocene Otago Terrestrial. Fluvial sediments
Māui Supergroup Waiau Group[45] Oligocene-Miocene Southland Marine, Limestone, sandstone and mass flow conglomerates.
Māui Supergroup Penrod Group Eocene(Late)-Miocene Great South Basin, Campbell Island Marine.
Pākihi Supergroup Ngaio Group Pleistocene(Late) Kermadec Islands Volcanic rock. Breccia, pumice, tephra Raoul Island
Pākihi Supergroup Macauley Group[46] Pleistocene Kermadec Islands Volcanic rock. Lava, pumice Macauley Island
Pākihi Supergroup Haszard Group Pleistocene Kermadec Islands Volcanic rock. tuff, scoria Macauley Island
Pākihi Supergroup Herald Group[47] Pleistocene Kermadec Islands Volcanic rock. Volcanics and intercalated sedimentary deposits Raoul Island
Pākihi Supergroup Karioitahi Group Pleistocene(Early)-Holocene Northland, Auckland Terrestrial. Sand dunes West coast ironsands, Auckland.[48]
Pākihi Supergroup Awhitu Group Pliocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early) Northland, Auckland Terrestrial. Sand dunes, alluvium Old sand dunes from Ninety Mile Beach.
Pākihi Supergroup Tauranga Group Pliocene-Pleistocene Bay of Plenty, Waikato Terrestrial. alluvium, sandstone, pumice
Pākihi Supergroup Hauturu Volcanic Group[49] Pliocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early) Auckland, Northland Volcanic rock. Rhyodacite Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf.
Pākihi Supergroup Mayor Island Group[50] Pleistocene(Late)-Holocene Bay of Plenty Volcanic rock. Rhyolite Forms Mayor Island, Bay of Plenty.
Pākihi Supergroup Kerikeri Volcanic Group Pliocene(Late)-Holocene Auckland, Northland, Waikato Volcanic rock. Basaltic flows and scoria cones Auckland Volcanic Field and Wairere Boulders.
Pākihi Supergroup Alexandra Volcanic Group Pliocene-Pleistocene Waikato Volcanic rock.
Pākihi Supergroup Orangiwhao Intrusive Group Pliocene(middle) Waikato Volcanic rock. Andesite
Pākihi Supergroup Whakamaru Group[51] Pleistocene Rotorua, Waikato Volcanic rock. Ignimbrite
Pākihi Supergroup Pakaumanu Group Pliocene-Pleistocene Rotorua Volcanic rock. Ignimbrite
Pākihi Supergroup Ongaroto Group Pleistocene Rotorua Volcanic rock. Rhyolite lava dome
Pākihi Supergroup Maroa Group Pleistocene Rotorua Volcanic rock. Ignimbrites and pyroclastic rocks
Pākihi Supergroup Taupō Group[52] Holocene Rotorua Volcanic rock. Tephra and ignimbrite Taupō Volcano
Pākihi Supergroup Okataina Group Pleistocene(Late)-Holocene Rotorua Volcanic rock. Tephra, flows and lava domes Part of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.
Pākihi Supergroup Ruapehu Group[53] Pleistocene Wanganui Volcanic rock. Andesite and tephra. Mount Ruapehu
Pākihi Supergroup Rotokare Group Pliocene Taranaki Marine. Sandstone and mudstone
Pākihi Supergroup Whangamomona Group Miocene(Middle)-Pliocene(Early) Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui Marine. Sandstone and mudstone
Pākihi Supergroup Kidnappers Group Pleistocene(Late) Hawkes Bay Marine. Turbidites and tuff Cape Kidnappers
Pākihi Supergroup Onoke Group Miocene(Late)- Pleistocene Wellington, Wairarapa Marine. Mudstone, greensand and limestones Badlands erosion forming the Putangirua Pinnacles.
Pākihi Supergroup Mangaheia Group Miocene(Late)-Pliocene Gisborne, Hawkes Bay Marine. Sandstone, Mudstone, and limestones
Pākihi Supergroup Old Man Group[54] Pliocene(Late)- Pleistocene(Early) Nelson Terrestrial, minor marine. Gravel and minor sands and muds Caused by the start of uplift on the Alpine Fault and resultant erosion.
Pākihi Supergroup Tadmor Group Miocene-Pliocene Nelson Terrestrial. Gravel and minor sands, peat and muds
Pākihi Supergroup Motunau group Oligocene(Late)-Pleistocene North Canterbury Marine. Sandstone, greensand and limestones
Pākihi Supergroup Karewa Group[55] Pliocene-Pleistocene Chatham Islands Terrestrial, minor marine. Sand, peat and ash
Pākihi Supergroup Hawkdun Group Miocene(Late)-Pliocene Otago Terrestrial. Gravel, minor sand, mud and breccia One source of alluvial gold in Otago.
Pākihi Supergroup Solander Island Volcanics[56] Pliocene Fiordland Volcanic rock. Andesites Solander Island

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Mortimer, N; Rattenbury, MS; King, PR; Bland, KJ; Barrell, DJA; Bache, F; Begg, JG; Campbell, HJ; Cox, SC; Crampton, JS; Edbrooke, SW; Forsyth, PJ; Johnston, MR; Jongens, R; Lee, JM; Leonard, GS; Raine, JI; Skinner, DNB; Timm, C; Townsend, DB; Tulloch, AJ; Turnbull, IM; Turnbull, RE (2014). "High-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand rocks". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (4): 402–419. doi:10.1080/00288306.2014.946062. ISSN 0028-8306.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (2014)". data.gnSuperGroupcri.nz.
  3. ^ a b c J.J., Kamp, Peter; A., Vincent, Kirsty; J.S., Tayler, Michael (2015). Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of New Zealand: A reference volume of lithology, age and paleoenvironments with maps (PMAPs) and database (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Definitions and procedures, section 3
  5. ^ a b "Macrostrat". macrostrat.org. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  6. ^ a b Münker, Carsten; Cooper, Roger (1999). "The Cambrian arc complex of the Takaka Terrane, New Zealand: An integrated stratigraphical, paleontological and geochemical approach". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (3): 415–445. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514854. ISSN 0028-8306.
  7. ^ Coleman, A. C. (1977). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Mt Patriarch-Crow River area, North-West Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 20 (3): 401–423. doi:10.1080/00288306.1977.10427595. ISSN 0028-8306.
  8. ^ Simes, J. E. (1980). "Age of the Arthur Marble: conodont evidence from Mount Owen, northwest Nelson". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 23 (4): 529–532. doi:10.1080/00288306.1980.10424123. ISSN 0028-8306.
  9. ^ Allibone, A. H.; Tulloch, A. J. (1997). "Metasedimentary, granitoid, and gabbroic rocks from central Stewart Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 40 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1080/00288306.1997.9514740. ISSN 0028-8306.
  10. ^ Adams, ComplexJ.D. (1975). "Discovery of Precambrian rocks in New Zealand: Age relations of the Greenland Group and Constant Gneiss, West Coast, South Island". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 28 (1): 98–104. Bibcode:1975E&PSL..28...98A. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90078-3. ISSN 0012-821X.
  11. ^ Bradshaw, M.A.; Hegan, B.D. (1983). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Devonian rocks of Inangahua Outlier, Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 26 (4): 325–344. doi:10.1080/00288306.1983.10422252. ISSN 0028-8306.
  12. ^ Campbell, H. J.; Smale, D.; Grapes, R.; Hoke, L.; Gibson, G. M.; Landis, C. A. (1998). "Parapara Group: Permian‐Triassic rocks in the Western Province, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 41 (3): 281–296. doi:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514811. ISSN 0028-8306.
  13. ^ Beresford, S. W.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Weaver, S. D.; Muir, R. J. (1996). "Echinus Granite and Pepin Group of Pepin Island, northeast Nelson, New Zealand: Drumduan Terrane basement or exotic fragment in the Median Tectonic Zone?". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514710. ISSN 0028-8306.
  14. ^ Johnston, M. R.; Raine, J. I.; Watters, W. A. (1987). "Drumduan Group of East Nelson, New Zealand: Plant-bearing Jurassic arc rocks metamorphosed during terrane interaction". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 17 (3): 275–301. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10418162. ISSN 0303-6758.
  15. ^ Mossman, David J.; Force, Lucy M. (1969). "Permian fossils from the Greenhills group, Bluff, Southland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 12 (4): 659–672. doi:10.1080/00288306.1969.10431104. ISSN 0028-8306.
  16. ^ Force, Lucy M. (1975). "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Productus Creek Group, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 18 (3): 373–399. doi:10.1080/00288306.1975.10421544. ISSN 0028-8306.
  17. ^ Coombs, D. Supergroup; Cook, N. D. J.; Kawachi, Y.; Johnstone, R. D.; Gibson, L. L. (1996). "Park Volcanics, Murihiku Terrane, New Zealand: Petrology, petrochemistry, and tectonic significance". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (4): 469–492. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514727. ISSN 0028-8306.
  18. ^ Campbell, J. D.; Coombs, D. S.; Grebneff, A. (2003). "Willsher Group and geology of the Triassic Kaka Point coastal section, south‐east Otago, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 33 (1): 7–38. doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517719. ISSN 0303-6758.
  19. ^ Dickins, J.M.; Johnston, M.R.; Kimbrough, D.L.; Landis, C.A. (July 1986). "The stratigraphic and structural position and age of the Croisilles Melange, east Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 29 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1080/00288306.1986.10422152. ISSN 0028-8306.
  20. ^ "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon". data.gns.cri.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  21. ^ Jugum, D; Norris, RH; Palin, JM (2013). "Late Jurassic detrital zircons from the Haast Schist and their implications for New Zealand terrane assembly and metamorphism". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 56 (4): 223–228. doi:10.1080/00288306.2013.815639. ISSN 0028-8306.
  22. ^ Bassett, Kari N.; Orlowski, Richard (2004). "Pahau Terrane type locality: Fan delta in an accretionary prism trench‐slope basin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 47 (4): 603–623. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515079. ISSN 0028-8306.
  23. ^ Silberling, N. J.; Nichols, K. M.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Blome, C. D. (1988). "Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 100 (8): 1213–1223. Bibcode:1988GSAB..100.1213S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1213:LACITB>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  24. ^ Mayer, W. (1969). "Petrology of the Waipapa Group, near Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 12 (2–3): 412–435. doi:10.1080/00288306.1969.10420291. ISSN 0028-8306.
  25. ^ Moore, P. R.; Speden, Ian (1979). "Stratigraphy, structure, and inferred environments of deposition of the Early Cretaceous sequence, eastern Wairarapa, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 22 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424150. ISSN 0028-8306.
  26. ^ Beck, A. C.; Reed, J. J.; Willett, R. W. (1958). "Uranium mineralization in the Hawks Crag Breccia of the Lower Buller Gorge Region, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 1 (3): 432–450. doi:10.1080/00288306.1958.10422773. ISSN 0028-8306.
  27. ^ a b c Killops, S. D.; Cook, R. A.; Sykes, R.; Boudou, J. P. (2010). "Petroleum potential and oil‐source correlation in the Great South and Canterbury Basins". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 40 (4): 405–423. doi:10.1080/00288306.1997.9514773. ISSN 0028-8306.
  28. ^ a b Schiøler, Poul; Rogers, Karyne; Sykes, Richard; Hollis, Chris J.; Ilg, Brad; Meadows, Dylan; Roncaglia, Lucia; Uruski, Chris (2010). "Palynofacies, organic geochemistry and depositional environment of the Tartan Formation (Late Paleocene), a potential source rock in the Great South Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 27 (2): 351–369. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.09.006. ISSN 0264-8172.
  29. ^ a b Schellart, W.P. (2007). "North-eastward subduction followed by slab detachment to explain ophiolite obduction and Early Miocene volcanism in Northland, New Zealand". Terra Nova. 19 (3): 211–218. Bibcode:2007TeNov..19..211S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00736.x. ISSN 0954-4879. S2CID 128484978.
  30. ^ Bradshaw, J. D. (2004). "Northland Allochthon: An alternative hypothesis of origin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 47 (3): 375–382. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515063. ISSN 0028-8306. S2CID 129227048.
  31. ^ Weaver, S. D.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1991). "A precise Rb‐Sr age for the Mandamus Igneous Complex, North Canterbury, and regional tectonic implications". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 34 (3): 341–345. doi:10.1080/00288306.1991.9514472. ISSN 0028-8306.
  32. ^ Baker, I. A.; Gamble, J. A.; Graham, I. J. (1994). "The age, geology, and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex, Marlborough, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 37 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1080/00288306.1994.9514620. ISSN 0028-8306.
  33. ^ a b c d Ballance, P. F.; Spörli, K. B. (1979). "Northland Allochthon". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 9 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1080/03036758.1979.10419416. ISSN 0303-6758.
  34. ^ Higgs, K.E.; Arnot, M.J.; Browne, G.H.; Kennedy, E.M. (2010). "Reservoir potential of Late Cretaceous terrestrial to shallow marine sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 27 (9): 1849–1871. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.08.002. ISSN 0264-8172.
  35. ^ Mac Beggs, J. (1978). "Geology of the metamorphic basement and late Cretaceous Oligocene sedimentary sequence of Campbell Island, Southwest Pacific Ocean". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 8 (2): 161–177. doi:10.1080/03036758.1978.10429389. ISSN 0303-6758.
  36. ^ Flores, Romeo M.; Sykes, Richard (1996). "Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand". International Journal of Coal Geology. 29 (4): 291–336. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3. ISSN 0166-5162.
  37. ^ Kamp, PJJ; Tripathi, ARP; Nelson, CS (2014). "Paleogeography of Late Eocene to earliest Miocene Te Kuiti Group, central-western North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (2): 128–148. doi:10.1080/00288306.2014.904384. ISSN 0028-8306.
  38. ^ Christie, A. B.; Simpson, M. P.; Brathwaite, R. L.; Mauk, J. L.; Simmons, S. F. (2007). "Epithermal Au-Ag and Related Deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Economic Geology. 102 (5): 785–816. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.102.5.785. ISSN 0361-0128.
  39. ^ Hayward, B.W. (1976). "Lower miocene stratigraphy and structure of the Waitakere Ranges and the Waitakere Group (new)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 19 (6): 871–895. doi:10.1080/00288306.1976.10420745. ISSN 0028-8306.
  40. ^ Heming, R. F. (1980). "Petrology of Ti Point Group, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 23 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1080/00288306.1980.10424144. ISSN 0028-8306.
  41. ^ Hayward, Bruce W.; Smale, David (2010). "Heavy minerals and the provenance history of Waitemata Basin sediments (early Miocene, Northland, New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 35 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/00288306.1992.9514516. ISSN 0028-8306.
  42. ^ Cole, J. W (1978). "Distribution, petrography, and chemistry of Kiwitahi and Maungatautari volcanics, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 21 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1080/00288306.1978.10424046. ISSN 0028-8306.
  43. ^ a b c d Sewell, R. J. (1988). "Late Miocene volcanic stratigraphy of central Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 31 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1080/00288306.1988.10417809. ISSN 0028-8306.
  44. ^ a b c d Timm, Christian; Hoernle, Kaj; Van Den Bogaard, Paul; Bindeman, Ilya; Weaver, Steve (2009). "Geochemical Evolution of Intraplate Volcanism at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: Interaction Between Asthenospheric and Lithospheric Melts". Journal of Petrology. 50 (6): 989–1023. Bibcode:2009JPet...50..989T. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp029. ISSN 1460-2415.
  45. ^ Carter, Robert M; Norris, Richard J (1977). "Redeposited conglomerates in a miocene flysch sequence at Blackmount, Western Southland, New Zealand". Sedimentary Geology. 18 (4): 289–319. Bibcode:1977SedG...18..289C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.452.9322. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(77)90056-2. ISSN 0037-0738.
  46. ^ Lloyd, E. F.; Nathan, Simon; Smith, I. E. M.; Stewart, R. B. (1996). "Volcanic history of Macauley Island, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514713. ISSN 0028-8306.
  47. ^ Brook, F. J. (1998). "Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pleistocene submarine volcanic‐sedimentary sequences at the northern Kermadec Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 28 (2): 235–257. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517561. ISSN 0303-6758.
  48. ^ Hamill, PAUL F.; Ballance, PETER F. (1985). "Heavy mineral rich beach sands of the Waitakere coast, Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 28 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1080/00288306.1985.10421203. ISSN 0028-8306.
  49. ^ Lindsay, Jan M.; Worthington, Tim J.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Black, Philippa M. (1999). "Geology, petrology, and petrogenesis of Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (2): 155–168. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514837. ISSN 0028-8306.
  50. ^ Houghton, B.F.; Weaver, SupergroupD.; Wilson, ComplexJ.N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992). "Evolution of a Quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 51 (3): 217–236. Bibcode:1992JVGR...51..217H. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V. ISSN 0377-0273.
  51. ^ Downs, D. T.; Wilson, C. J. N.; Cole, J. W.; Rowland, J. V.; Calvert, A. T.; Leonard, G. S.; Keall, J. M. (2014). "Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (9–10): 1131–1144. Bibcode:2014GSAB..126.1131D. doi:10.1130/B30891.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
  52. ^ Froggatt, P. C.; Lowe, D. J. (1990). "A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: Their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 33 (1): 89–109. doi:10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576. hdl:10289/176. ISSN 0028-8306.
  53. ^ Donoghue, Susan L.; Neall, Vincent E. (2001). "Late Quaternary constructional history of the southeastern Ruapehu ring plain, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514949. ISSN 0028-8306.
  54. ^ Mortimer, Nick; Sutherland, Rupert; Nathan, Simon (2010). "Torlesse greywacke and Haast Schist source for Pliocene conglomerates near Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (1): 105–111. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514927. ISSN 0028-8306. S2CID 129503499.
  55. ^ Campbell, H. J.; Andrews, P. B.; Beu, A. G.; Edwards, A. R.; Hornibrook, N. deB.; Laird, M. G.; Maxwell, P. A.; Watters, W. A. (1988). "Cretaceous-Cenozoic lithostratigraphy of the Chatham Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 18 (3): 285–308. doi:10.1080/03036758.1988.10426471. ISSN 0303-6758.
  56. ^ Mortimer, N.; Gans, P.B.; Mildenhall, D.C. (2008). "A middle-late Quaternary age for the adakitic arc volcanics of Hautere (Solander Island), Southern Ocean". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 178 (4): 701–707. Bibcode:2008JVGR..178..701M. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.003. ISSN 0377-0273.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratigraphy_of_New_Zealand&oldid=1220070624"