Timeline of Solar System exploration

This article is about listing events in a comprehensive list. For a timeline of first-ever achievements, see Timeline of space exploration.
Charted timeline of Solar System exploration through December 2014

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

  • All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
  • A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.[vague]

It does not include:

  • Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
  • The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
  • Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
  • Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

[edit]
Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Sputnik 1 4 October 1957 First Earth orbiter [1][2]
Soviet Union Sputnik 2 3 November 1957 Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika [2][3][4]
United States Explorer 1 1 February 1958 Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts [5]
United States Vanguard 1 17 March 1958 Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit [6]
Soviet Union Luna 1 2 January 1959 First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit. [7][8][9][10]
United States Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Lunar flyby [11][12]
Soviet Union Luna 2 12 September 1959 First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon [10][13]
Soviet Union Luna 3 4 October 1959 Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon [10][14]

1960s

[edit]
Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter
Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby
Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby
Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander
Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon
Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter
Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Pioneer 5 11 March 1960 Interplanetary space investigations [15][16]
Soviet Union Venera 1 12 February 1961 First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby) [17][18][19]
Soviet Union Vostok 1 12 April 1961 First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin) [20][21]
United States Ranger 1 23 August 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [22][23][24]
United States Ranger 2 18 November 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [24][25][26]
United States Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][27][28]
United States Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data) [24][29][30][31]
United States Mariner 2 27 August 1962 First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby [32][33][34]
United States Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][35][36]
Soviet Union Mars 1 1 November 1962 First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost) [37][38]
Soviet Union Luna 4 2 April 1963 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [39][40]
Soviet Union Cosmos 21 11 November 1963 Attempted Venera test flight? [41]
United States Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Lunar impact (cameras failed) [42][43]
Soviet Union Zond 1 2 April 1964 Venus flyby (contact lost) [44][45][46]
United States Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Lunar impact (success) [47][48][49]
Soviet Union Voskhod 1 12 October 1964 First orbiter with multimember crew [50][51]
United States Mariner 3 5 November 1964 Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory) [52][53]
United States Mariner 4 28 November 1964 First successful Mars flyby (taking the first close-up image of another planet)[54] [55][56]
Soviet Union Zond 2 30 November 1964 Mars flyby (contact lost) [46][57][58]
United States Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Lunar impact [59][60]
Soviet Union Voskhod 2 18 March 1965 First space walk, by Alexei Leonov [51][61]
United States Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Lunar impact [62][63]
United States Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 6 May 1965 Oldest spacecraft still in use[citation needed] [64]
Soviet Union Luna 5 9 May 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [65]
Soviet Union Luna 6 8 June 1965 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [66]
Soviet Union Zond 3 18 July 1965 Lunar flyby [46][67][68]
Soviet Union Luna 7 4 October 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [69]
Soviet Union Venera 2 12 November 1965 Venus flyby (contact lost) [70][18]
Soviet Union Venera 3 16 November 1965 Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact [71][18]
Soviet Union Luna 8 3 December 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?) [72]
United States Pioneer 6 16 December 1965 "Space weather" observations [73][74][75][76]
Soviet Union Luna 9 31 January 1966 First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander [10][77]
Soviet Union Luna 10 31 March 1966 First extraterrestrial orbiter (except heliocentric) and first lunar orbiter [78]
United States Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Lunar lander [79][80][81]
United States Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit) [82][83]
United States Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [84][85][86]
United States Pioneer 7 17 August 1966 "Space weather" observations [76][87][88]
Soviet Union Luna 11 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [89]
United States Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [90][91]
Soviet Union Luna 12 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter [92]
United States Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter [93][94]
Soviet Union Luna 13 21 December 1966 Lunar lander [95]
United States Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter [96][97]
United States Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Lunar lander [98][99]
United States Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter [100][101]
Soviet Union Venera 4 12 June 1967 First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus) [18][102]
United States Mariner 5 14 June 1967 Venus flyby [103][104]
United States Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [105][106]
United States Explorer 35 (IMP-E) 19 July 1967 Lunar orbiter [107]
United States Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter [86][108][109]
United States Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Lunar lander [110][111]
United States Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body [80][112][113]
United States Apollo 4 9 November 1967 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [114]
United States Pioneer 8 13 December 1967 "Space weather" observations [76][115][116]
United States Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Lunar lander [117][118]
United States Apollo 5 22 January 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [119][120]
Soviet Union Zond 4 2 March 1968 Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed) [46][121][122][123]
Soviet Union Luna 14 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter [124]
Soviet Union Zond 5 14 September 1968 First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon [46][125][126][127][128]
United States Apollo 7 11 October 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed) [129][130]
United States Pioneer 9 8 November 1968 "Space weather" observations [76][131][132]
Soviet Union Zond 6 10 November 1968 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][133][134]
United States Apollo 8 21 December 1968 First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter [130][135][136]
Soviet Union Venera 5 5 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][137]
Soviet Union Venera 6 10 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][138]
United States Mariner 6 25 February 1969 Mars flyby [139][140]
United States Apollo 9 3 March 1969 Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit [130][141]
United States Mariner 7 27 March 1969 Mars flyby [142][143]
United States Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Crewed lunar orbiter [130][144][145]
Soviet Union Luna 15 13 July 1969 Second attempted lunar sample return [146][147]
United States Apollo 11 16 July 1969 First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission [148][149][150][151][152]
Soviet Union Zond 7 7 August 1969 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][153][154]
United States Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Crewed lunar landing [155][156][157]

1970s

[edit]
Mars 3 – First Mars lander
Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby
Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby
Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted). Farthest from Earth a human has gone (401,056 km) [158][159][160][161]
Soviet Union Venera 7 17 August 1970 First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface) [18][162][163]
Soviet Union Luna 16 12 September 1970 First robotic lunar sample return [10][164]
Soviet Union Zond 8 20 October 1970 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][165][166]
Soviet Union Luna 17/Lunokhod 1 10 November 1970 First remote controlled rover [10][167]
United States Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Crewed lunar landing [168][169][170]
Soviet Union Salyut 1 19 April 1971 First space station [171][172]
Soviet Union Mars 2 19 May 1971 First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars) [173][174][175][176][177]
Soviet Union Mars 3 28 May 1971 Mars orbiter (arrived after Mariner 9); First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars) [178][179][180][181][182]
United States Mariner 9 30 May 1971 First to orbit another planet (Mars) [183][184]
United States Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover [130][185][186][187]
Soviet Union Luna 18 2 September 1971 Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon) [188][189]
Soviet Union Luna 19 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter [190]
Soviet Union Luna 20 14 February 1972 Lunar robotic sample return [191]
United States Pioneer 10 3 March 1972 First Jupiter flyby [192][193][75]
Soviet Union Venera 8 27 March 1972 Venus lander [18][194][195]
United States Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Crewed lunar landing [196][197][198]
United States Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Last crewed lunar landing [199][200][201][202]
Soviet Union Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 8 January 1973 Lunar rover [203]
United States Pioneer 11 5 April 1973 Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby [75][204][205]
United States Explorer 49 (RAE-B) 10 June 1973 Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy [206][207]
Soviet Union Mars 4 21 July 1973 Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter) [208][209]
Soviet Union Mars 5 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter [210][211]
Soviet Union Mars 6 5 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing) [212][213]
Soviet Union Mars 7 9 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars) [214][215]
United States Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby [216][217][218][219]
Soviet Union Luna 22 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter [10][220]
Soviet Union Luna 23 28 October 1974 Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing) [221]
United States West Germany Helios-A 10 December 1974 Solar observations [222][223]
Soviet Union Venera 9 8 June 1975 First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus) [18][224][225][226]
Soviet Union Venera 10 14 June 1975 Venus orbiter and lander [18][227][228][229]
United States Viking 1 20 August 1975 Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface [230][231][232][233]
United States Viking 2 9 September 1975 Mars orbiter and lander [233][234][235][236]
United States West Germany Helios-B 15 January 1976 Solar observations [237][238]
Soviet Union Luna 24 9 August 1976 Lunar robotic sample return [10][239]
United States Voyager 2 20 August 1977 Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby [240][241][242]
United States Voyager 1 5 September 1977 Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere [242][243][244]
United States Pioneer Venus 1 20 May 1978 Venus orbiter [245][246]
United States Pioneer Venus 2 8 August 1978 Venus atmospheric probes [247][248]
United States ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby [249][250][251]
Soviet Union Venera 11 9 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][252][253][254]
Soviet Union Venera 12 14 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][255][256][257]

1980s

[edit]
Galileo – Mission to Jupiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Soviet Union Venera 13 30 October 1981 Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet. [18][258][259][260]
Soviet Union Venera 14 4 November 1981 Venus flyby and lander [18][261][262][263]
Soviet Union Venera 15 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][264][265]
Soviet Union Venera 16 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][266][267]
Soviet Union Vega 1 15 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby [268][269][270][271][272]
Soviet Union Vega 2 21 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby [272][273][274][275][276]
Japan Sakigake 8 January 1985 Comet Halley flyby [277][278]
Giotto 2 July 1985 First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby [279][280][281]
Japan Suisei (Planet-A) 18 August 1985 Comet Halley flyby [282][283]
Soviet Union Mir 19 February 1986 First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996) [284][285][286]
Soviet Union Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost) [287][288]
Soviet Union Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost) [289][290]
United States Magellan 4 May 1989 Venus orbiter [291][292]
United States Galileo 18 October 1989 Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe [293][294][295][296]

1990s

[edit]
Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover, Sojourner
Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Japan Hiten (MUSES-A) 24 January 1990 Lunar flyby and orbiter [297][298]
United States Hubble Space Telescope 24 April 1990 Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990[needs update]) [299][300][301]
United States Ulysses 6 October 1990 Solar polar orbiter [302][303][304]
Japan United States Yohkoh (Solar-A) 30 August 1991 Solar observations (1991–2001) [305][306]
United States Mars Observer 25 September 1992 Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost) [307][308]
United States Clementine 25 January 1994 Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost) [309][310][311]
United States WIND 1 November 1994 Solar wind observations [312][313]
United States SOHO 2 December 1995 Solar observatory (operational since 1996[needs update]) [314][315][316]
United States NEAR Shoemaker 17 February 1996 Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing [317][318][319]
United States Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 Mars orbiter [320][321]
Russia Mars 96 16 November 1996 Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit) [322][323]
United States Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 Mars lander and first successful planetary rover [324][325][326]
United States ACE 25 August 1997 Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998[needs update]) [327][328]
United States Italy Cassini–Huygens 15 October 1997 First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan) [329][330][331][332][333]
United States Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Lunar orbiter [334][335]
Japan Nozomi (Planet-B) 3 July 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit) [336][337]
United States Deep Space 1 (DS1) 24 October 1998 Asteroid and comet flyby [338][339]
United States Russia Japan CanadaBrazil ISS 20 November 1998 International space station [340][341]
United States Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed) [342][343]
United States Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2) 3 January 1999 Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost) [344][345][346]
United States Stardust 7 February 1999 First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006) [347][348][349]

2000s

[edit]
Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA
MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter
Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 Mars orbiter [350][351]
United States Genesis 8 August 2001 First solar wind sample return [352][353][354][355]
United States CONTOUR 3 July 2002 Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space) [356][357]
Japan Hayabusa (MUSES-C) 9 May 2003 Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid [358][359][360]
United Kingdom Mars Express/Beagle 2 2 June 2003 Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure) [361][362][363][364]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 10 June 2003 Mars rover [365][366]
United States Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity 8 July 2003 Mars rover [367][368]
SMART-1 27 September 2003 Lunar orbiter [369][370]
Rosetta/Philae 2 March 2004 Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014) [371][372][373][374]
United States MESSENGER 3 August 2004 First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011) [375][376][377]
United States Deep Impact 12 January 2005 Comet flyby and impact [378][379][380][381]
United States Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 Mars orbiter [382][383]
Venus Express 9 November 2005 Venus polar orbiter [384][385]
United States New Horizons 19 January 2006 First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019) [386][387][388][389]
Japan United States United Kingdom Hinode (Solar-B) 22 September 2006 Solar orbiter [390][391]
United States STEREO 26 October 2006 Two spacecraft, solar orbiters [392][393][394]
United States Phoenix 4 August 2007 Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008) [395][396]
Japan SELENE (Kaguya) 14 September 2007 Lunar orbiters [397][398][399][400]
United States Dawn 27 September 2007 Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015) [401][402][403]
China Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Lunar orbiter [404][405][406]
India Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon [407][408][409]
Herschel Space Observatory 14 May 2009 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [410][411]
United States Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS 18 June 2009 Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor [412][413][414][415]
United States WISE (NEOWISE) 14 December 2009 Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission) [416][417][418]

2010s

[edit]
Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover
Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter
Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
United States Solar Dynamics Observatory 11 February 2010 Continuous solar monitoring [419][420]
Japan Akatsuki (Planet-C) 20 May 2010 Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015) [421][422][423]
France PICARD 15 June 2010 Solar monitoring [424][425]
China Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby [406][426][427]
United States Juno 5 August 2011 Jupiter orbiter [428][429]
United States GRAIL 10 September 2011 Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters [430][431][432]
Russia China Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit [433][434]
United States Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) 26 November 2011 Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012) [435][436]
United States Van Allen Probes (RBSP) 30 August 2012 Earth Van Allen radiation belts study [437][438][439]
United States IRIS 28 June 2013 Solar observations [440]
United States LADEE 7 September 2013 Lunar orbiter [441][442]
Japan Hisaki 14 September 2013 Planetary atmosphere observatory [443]
India Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) 5 November 2013 Mars orbiter [444][445][446]
United States MAVEN 18 November 2013 Mars orbiter [447][448]
China Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976) [406][449][450][451]
China Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission [452]
Japan Germany France Hayabusa2 / MASCOT 3 December 2014 Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover [360][453][454]
Japan PROCYON 3 December 2014 Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure) [455]
United States DSCOVR 11 February 2015 Solar observation [456][457]
Russia ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander 14 March 2016 Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure) [458][459]
United States OSIRIS-REx 8 September 2016 Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023[needs update]) [460][461]
United States InSight 5 May 2018 Mars lander [462][463]
China Queqiao 20 May 2018 Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point [464]
United States Parker Solar Probe 12 August 2018 Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU) [465][466]
Japan BepiColombo 19 October 2018 Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in December 2025) [467][468]
China Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side [406][469][470]
Israel Beresheet 22 February 2019 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [471][472]
India Chandrayaan-2 22 July 2019 Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent) [473][474]

2020s

[edit]
NASA's Perseverance rover
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
Solar Orbiter 10 February 2020 Sun-observing satellite [475][476][477]
United Arab Emirates Mars Hope 19 July 2020 Mars orbiter [478]
China Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover) 23 July 2020 Mars orbiter, lander, and rover [479]
United States Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter) 30 July 2020 Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet [480][481][482]
China Chang'e 5 23 November 2020 Lunar sample return [406][483]
United States Lucy 16 October 2021 Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids [484][485]
United States Italy DART / LICIACube 24 November 2021 Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor [486][487]
United States Canada James Webb Space Telescope 25 December 2021 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 [488][489]
United States CAPSTONE 28 June 2022 Lunar orbiter [490]
South Korea United States Danuri (KPLO) 5 August 2022 Lunar orbiter [491]
United States Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats 16 November 2022 Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions. [492]
Japan United States Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight 11 December 2022 Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon) [493][494][495]
JUICE 14 April 2023 Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter [496]
India Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole [497][498]
Russia Luna 25 10 August 2023 Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon) [499][500]
India Aditya-L1 2 September 2023 Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1 [501]
Japan SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2) 6 September 2023 Lunar flyby, lander and rovers [502][503]
United States Psyche 13 October 2023 Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter [504]
United States Peregrine Mission One (including Iris and Colmena rovers) 8 January 2024 Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded) [505]
United States IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus (including EagleCam deployable camera) 15 February 2024 Lunar landers [506]
China DRO A/B 13 March 2024 Lunar orbiters [507]
China Queqiao-2 (including Tiandu-1 and 2) 20 March 2024 Lunar orbiters [508]
China Chang'e 6 (including Pakistan's ICUBE-Q cubesat) 3 May 2024 Lunar sample return, rover and orbiters; first sample return from the lunar far side [509][510]
Hera (3 orbiters) 7 October 2024 Asteroid 65803 Didymos rendezvous [511]
United States Europa Clipper 14 October 2024 Jupiter orbiter, Europa multiple flyby [512][513][514]
United States Blue Ghost M1 15 January 2025 Lunar lander [515]
Japan H (including Tenacious rover) 15 January 2025 Lunar lander and rover [516]
United States Intuitive Machines Nova-C IM-2

(including MAPP LV1, Micro-Nova, AstroAnt and Yaoki rover)

27 February 2025 Lunar lander and rovers
United States Lunar Trailblazer 27 February 2025 Lunar orbiter
United States Brokkr-2 27 February 2025 Asteroid flyby

Planned or scheduled

[edit]
Main article: List of proposed Solar System spacecraft

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b "Sputnik | satellites". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Sputnik 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
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