Xiapu dialect

Xiapu
霞浦話
Native toSouthern China
RegionXiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-ibe
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The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Phonology

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The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

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Bilabial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m
蒙 		n
日 		ŋ
語
Stop Aspirated pʰ
波 		tʰ
他 		kʰ
氣
Tenuis p
邊 		t
低 		k
求 		ʔ
鶯
Fricative (β) θ
時 		(ʒ) x
喜
Affricate Aspirated ʦʰ
出
Tenuis ʦ
曾
Lateral l
柳

Rimes

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a ia ua ai au uai
aŋ iaŋ uaŋ aiŋ ɔuŋ
aʔ iaʔ uaʔ aiʔ ɔuʔ
ɛ, ɔ ɛu
ɔʔ
e, o ø oi eu
eiŋ, ouŋ yoŋ
eiʔ, ouʔ øʔ, yoʔ
u iu ui
uŋ yuŋ
uʔ yuʔ
i, y
iŋ
iʔ

Tones

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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平 		light level
陽平 		rising
上聲 		dark departing
陰去 		light departing
陽去 		dark entering
陰入 		light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˦ (44) ˨ (22) ˦˨ (42) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˨ (212) ˥ (5) ˨ (2)

Initial assimilation

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The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/
  • /p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/;
  • /x/ change to the null initial;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/;
  • /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

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The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

the second syllable
the first syllable dark level
44 		light level
22 		rising
42 		dark departing
35 		light departing
212 		dark entering
5 		light entering
2
dark departing
35 		55 51
dark entering
5
rising
42 		51 5
dark level
44 		44
light departing
212
light entering
2
light level
22 		22

Notes

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  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

References

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  1. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
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