New Deal

New Deal a fost o serie de programe economice adoptate în Statele Unite între anii 1933 și 1936. Programele au implicat decrete prezidențiale sau legi adoptate de Congresul Statelor Unite ale Americii în timpul primului mandat al președintelui Franklin D. Roosevelt. Programele au fost adoptate ca răspuns la Marea criză economică, și s-a concentrat asupra a ceea ce istoricii numesc "cele 3 R": Relief, Recovery, Reform (Asistență, Recuperare/Revenire și Reformă) Asistență pentru șomeri și săraci, Recuperare a economiei la nivel normal și reforma sistemului financiar pentru a preveni repetarea depresiei.

Preambul[modificare | modificare sursă]

La 29 octombrie 1929, în mandatul președintelui republican Herbert Hoover a avut loc Joia Neagră, adică prăbușirea bursei de acțiuni. De obicei această dată este asociată cu începutul Marii crize economice în Statele Unite. La alegerile prezidențiale din 1932 Roosevelt a candidat împotriva lui Hoover, campania electorală a lui Roosevelt având ca temă „Omul uitat la baza piramidei sociale”. Roosevelt a promis alegătorilor un pachet consistent de programe care prevedea o implicare mai mare a statului în economie și la permiterea accesului mai larg al „Omului uitat la baza piramidei sociale” la viața publică americană. Pachetul de programe economice viza implicarea consistentă a statului în trei domenii ale economiei: industria, agricultura și sistemul bancar. Acest pachet de programe economice i-a adus lui Roosevelt victoria categorică în alegerile prezidențiale din 1932 în fața lui Herbert Hoover. New Deal a produs o realiniere politică, făcând ca Partidul Democrat să dețină majoritatea (și președinția la Casa Albă pentru șapte din cele nouă mandate prezidențiale din 1933 până în 1969), având la bază idei liberale. Mulți istorici disting două faze ale New Deal-ului: "Primul New Deal" (1933-1934) și "Al Doilea New Deal" (1935-1938), cea de a doua fiind una mai liberală și mai controversată.^[1]

Referințe[modificare | modificare sursă]

^ Alonzo L. Hamby (2004). For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s. Simon and Schuster. p. 418. line feed character în |publisher= la poziția 6 (ajutor)

Cercetări[modificare | modificare sursă]

en Badger, Anthony J. The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940. (2002) general survey from British perspective
en Chafe, William H. ed. The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and its Legacies (2003)
en Conkin, Paul K. The New Deal. (1967), a brief New Left critique.
en Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. The New Deal: Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. (1992), reader
en Eden, Robert, ed. New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal (1989), essays by scholars
en Hiltzik, Michael. The New Deal: A Modern History (2011), popular history by journalist; 512pp
en Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940. (1963). A standard interpretive history.
en Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," Political Science Quarterly, 124 (Summer 2009), 251–68.
en Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. (1999), survey; Pulitzer Prize
en Kirkendall, Richard S. "The New Deal As Watershed: The Recent Literature", The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 4. (Mar., 1968), pp. 839–852. in JSTOR, historiography
en McElvaine Robert S. The Great Depression 2nd ed (1993), social history
en Polenberg, Richard. "The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945 A Brief History with Documents" ISBN 0-312-13310-3
en Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, 3 vols, (1957–1960), the classic narrative history.ā
en Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (2007)
en Sitkoff, Harvard. ed. Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated. (1984). A friendly liberal evaluation.
en Wecter, Dixon. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1948), social history

Biografie[modificare | modificare sursă]

en Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, Henry R. Beasley. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
en Brands, H.W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008)
en Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (1963)
en Cohen, Adam, Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America (2009)
en Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times. (1985). An encyclopedic reference.
en Ingalls, Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal (1975)
en Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars; many deal with politics
en Irving Bernstein. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (1970), cover labor unions
en Best, Gary Dean. Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938. (1990) ISBN 0-275-93524-8; conservative perspective
en Blumberg Barbara. The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City (1977).
en Bremer William W. "Along the American Way: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed". Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 636–652. in JSTOR
en Brock William R. Welfare, Democracy and the New Deal (1988), a British view
en Burns, Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933–1935 (1974)
en Burton W. Folsom. New Deal or Raw Deal? : How FDR's Economic Legacy has Damaged America (2008) ISBN 1-4165-9222-9, conservative interpretation
en Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920–1935 (1994)
en Grant, Michael Johnston. Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945 (2002)
en Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (1966)
en Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943)
en Huibregtse, Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919–1935; (University Press of Florida; 2010; 172 pages)
en Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) 553–83. in JSTOR
en Leff, Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation (1984)
en Lindley, Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley. A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration (1938)
en Mathews, Jane De Hart. "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy", Journal of American History 62 (1975): 316–39, in JSTOR
en Malamud; Deborah C. "'Who They Are—or Were': Middle-Class Welfare in the Early New Deal" University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003. pp 2019+.
en McKinzie, Richard. The New Deal for Artists (1984), well illustrated scholarly study
en Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946. Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs
en Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941 (1947), survey by economic historian
en Parker, Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression (2002) interviews with 11 leading economists
en Jim Powell FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7
en Rosenof, Theodore. Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993 (1997)
en Rosen, Elliot A. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (2005) ISBN 0-8139-2368-9
Rothbard, Murray. America's Great Depression (1963). ibertarian critique
Saloutos, Theodore. The American Farmer and the New Deal (1982).
en Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000)
en Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal". Political Science Quarterly 97 (1982): 255–78. at JSTOR
en Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "Explaining New Deal Labor Policy" American Political Science Reform (1977) 84:1297–1304 in JSTOR
en Zelizer; Julian E. "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938" Presidential Studies Quarterly (2000) 30#2 pp: 331+.

Politici[modificare | modificare sursă]

en Alswang, John. The New Deal and American Politics (1978), voting analysis
en Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (2006), popular account
en Badger, Anthony J. FDR: The First Hundred Days (2008)
en Badger, Anthony J. New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader (2007)
en Bernstein, Barton J. "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform". In Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, pp. 263–88. (1968), an influential New Left attack on the New Deal.
en Best, Gary Dean. The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933–1938 (1993) ISBN 0-275-94350-X
en Best, Gary Dean. Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years (2002) ISBN 0-275-94656-8
en Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. (1995) what happened after 1937
Cobb, James and Michael Namaroto, eds. The New Deal and the South (1984).
en Conklin, Paul K. "The Myth of New Deal Radicalism" in Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, ISBN 1-881089-97-5
en Domhoff, G. William, and Michael J. Webber. Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats, and the Liberal-Labor Coalition (Stanford University Press; 2011) 304 pages; uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act.
en Ekirch Jr., Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought (1971)
en Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, (1989), essays focused on the long-term results.
en Garraty, John A. "The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression", American Historical Review, (1973) 78#4 pp. 907–44. in JSTOR
en Higgs, Robert. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (1987), libertarian critique
en Ladd, Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s (1975), voting behavior
en Lowitt, Richard. The New Deal and the West (1984).
en Manza; Jeff. "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" Annual Review of Sociology: 2000, 26 (2000): 297–322.
en Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (2002)
en Patterson, James T. The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition (Princeton UP, 1969).
en Sitkoff, Harvard. A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (2008)
en Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2005).
en Sternsher, Bernard ed., Hitting Home: The Great Depression in Town and Country (1970), essays by scholars on local history
en Szalay, Michael. New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State (2000)
en Tindall George B. The Emergence of the New South, 1915–1945 (1967). survey of entire South
en Trout Charles H. Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal (1977)
en Venn, Fiona (1998). The New Deal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-57958-145-5.
en Ware, Susan. Beyond Suffrage: Women and the New Deal (1981)

Surse primare[modificare | modificare sursă]

en Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951 (1951) full of useful data; online
en Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976) part 1 online; part 2 online
en Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls
en Carter, Susan B. et al. eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (6 vol: Cambridge UP, 2006); huge compilation of statistical data; online at some universities
en Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
en Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression (1981)
en Moley, Raymond. After Seven Years (1939), conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster
en Nixon, Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries.
en Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945.
en Zinn, Howard, ed. New Deal Thought (1966), a compilation of primary sources.