Archaeological site in Peru
Guitarrero Cave is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley in Yungay Province , in the Ancash region of Peru . The cave stands 50 m (160 ft) above the Santa River and 2,580 m (8,460 ft) meters above sea level.[ 1]
Archeological findings [ edit ] Guitarrero Cave has evidence of human use around 8,000 BCE and possibly as early as 10,560 BCE.[ 2] A human's mandible and teeth found in the cave have been carbon dated to 10,610 BCE.[ 1]
Above all that, there were a series of Archaic period campfires, dated between 8,500 and 7,000 BCE.[ 2] Wood, bone, antler and fiber cordage were among the artifacts that were recovered from the level, as well as willow leaf, tanged, lanceolate , and concave base Ichuna/Arcata projectile points. A single grinding slab and a bone flesher were also recovered from this part of the area.[ 2]
Levels were included in the Early and Middle Horizon occupations, cist tombs, and wall paintings between about the 1000 BCE to 1000 CE.
In the 1960s, archeologists discovered artifacts in an extraordinary state of preservation at the site. Remarkably, textiles, wood and leather tools, and basketry have been preserved intact. Some of the evidence of early domesticated Phaseolus beans, chili, corn and other cultivars have been argued for Guitarrero.[ 2]
A high concentration of Trichocereus macrogonus pollen from the oldest phase of human occupation has been detected, as well as some fragments of cactus, which would testify to the intentional introduction of this plant inside the cave.[ 3]
Fiberwork found in the cave dates back over ten-thousand years – the earliest found in South America. The cave held utilitarian containers made by twisting, looping, and knotting plant fibers.[ 4]
The people of Guitarrero Cave are possible ancestors of the Chavín culture .[ 1]
Some of the earliest cultivated plants in South America have been found in the cave. They include:
Ají pepper (Capsicum baccatum ): first appears at Guitarrero cave in 8,500 BCE Oca (Oxalis tuberosa ): first appears 8,500–7,500 BCE Aji (Capsicum chinense ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE Pallar bean (Phaseolus lunatus ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE Lúcuma (Lucuma bifera ): first appears 8,000–5,500 BCE Ulluku (Ullucus tuberosus ): first appears 6,000 BCE at the cave es:Tres Ventanas in Peru ,[ 5] and next at Guitarrero cave 5,500 BCE. Zapallo (Cucurbita sp. ): first appears 7,000 BCE Maize or corn (Zea mays ): possibly first traces but not conclusively identified from 6,200 BCE. Maize has been identified in the Ayacucho Region of south central Peru as early as 4,400 and 3,100 BCE.[ 1] ^ a b c d Weber, George. "Guitarrero cave (Ancash, Peru)." Archived 2010-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Possible Relatives in the Americas. 11 July 2007 (retrieved 23 Feb 2010) ^ a b c d Lynch, Thomas F.; Gillespie, R.; Gowlett, John A. J.; Hedges, R. E. M. (1985). "Chronology of Guitarrero Cave, Peru". Science . 229 (4716): 864–7. doi :10.1126/science.229.4716.864 . PMID 17777927 . ^ Samorini, Giorgio (2019-06-01). "The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview" . Journal of Psychedelic Studies . 3 (2): 63–80. doi :10.1556/2054.2019.008 . ^ Stone-Miller, 17 ^ ENGEL, F. 1970. La grotte du Megatherium et les ecologies du Haut-Pliocene peruvien. Semiotica, 1, 413-436. Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes: from Chavín to Inca . London: Thames and Hudson, 2002. ISBN 978-0-500-20363-7 .
Acaray Ahuila Gencha Machay Amaru Marka Wasi Arhuaturo Asana Asiru Phat'jata Aspero Auga Punta Auquilohuagra Awkin Punta Awkimarka (Apurímac) Awkimarka (Huánuco) Aya Muqu Ayamachay Ayawayq'u Azángaro Baths of Boza Bandurria Buena Vista Cahuachi Cajamarquilla Cao Viejo Carachupa Carajía Caral Caves of Sumbay Cerro Baúl Cerro Pátapo Cerro Trinidad Chacamarca Chan Chan Chanquillo Chauchilla Cemetery Chavín de Huantar Chawaytiri Cheqollo Chichakuri Chipaw Marka Choquepuquio Choquequirao Choquequirao Puquio Churajón Chuya Cochabamba Cochapata Colcampata Collor Condorcaga Cota Coca Coricancha Cumbemayo Cutimbo El Brujo El Cañoncillo El Ingenio El Paraíso Garagay Gran Pajatén Gran Vilaya Guellayhuasin Guitarrero Cave Hatun Machay Hatun Misapata Hatun Rumiyoc Hatun Uchku Hatun Usnu Hatunmarka Honcopampa Huaca de la Luna Huaca del Dragón Huaca del Sol Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Prieta Huaca Pucllana Huaca San Marcos Huaca Santa Ana Huacramarca Hualpayunca Huamanmarca, La Convención Huamboy Huankarán Huaycán de Pariachi Huánuco Pampa Huari Huayna Picchu Huayrapongo Huchuy Qosqo Huiñao Inca Uyo Incahuasi, Lima Ingatambo Inka Mach'ay Inka Raqay, Apurímac Inka Raqay, Ayacucho Inka Tampu, Huayopata Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba Inka Tunuwiri Inka Wasi, Ayacucho Inka Wasi, Huancavelica Inkapintay Inkilltambo Inti Punku Inti Watana, Ayacucho Inti Watana, Calca Inti Watana, Urubamba Intikancha Intini Uyu Pata Intipa Ñawin Intiyuq K'uchu Iskuqucha Isog Jinkiori Jisk'a Iru Muqu Kanamarka Kanichi Kenko Killa Mach'ay Killarumiyuq Kotosh Kuelap Kukuli Kuntur Wasi Kunturmarka, Ayacucho Kunturmarka, Pasco Kuntuyuq Kusichaka valley Khichuqaqa Khuchi Mach'ay K'allapayuq Urqu K'ipakhara Laguna de las Momias Lauricocha Caves Layzón Llactan Llamachayuq Llamachayuq Qaqa Llamayuq Llamuqa Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca Llaqtapata Machu Colca Machu Picchu Machu Pirqa Machu Pitumarka Machu Q'inti Mallkuamaya Mameria Maray Qalla Marayniyoq Marcahuamachuco Markahirka Markansaya Markapukyu Marpa Mawk'allaqta, Castilla Mawk'allaqta, Espinar Mawk'allaqta, La Unión Mawk'allaqta, Melgar Mawk'allaqta, Paruro Mawk'allaqta, Sandia Mawk'ataray Mazur Miculla Millka Miraflores Mirq'imarka Miyu Pampa Molloko Moray Mulinuyuq Mullu Q'awa Muyu Muyu Muyu Urqu Muyuq Marka Nazca Lines Nina Kiru Ninamarca Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas Ñusta Hispana Ollantaytambo Pacatnamu Pachacamac Pachatusan Paiján Pañamarca Paracas Candelabra Paraccra Patallaqta Pikillaqta Pikimach'ay Pilluchu Pinkuylluna Pirca Pirca, La Libertad Pirca Pirca, Lima Pirhuaylla Piruro Pirwayuq Písac Puka Pukara Puka Tampu Puka Urqu Pukara, Coporaque Pukara, Fajardo Pukara, Puno Pukara, Vilcas Huamán Pukarani Pumamarka, San Sebastián Pumamarka, Urubamba Pumaq Hirka Pumawasi Punkuri Puqin Kancha Puruchuco Purunllacta, Cheto Purunllacta, Soloco Pusharo Pusuquy Pata Puyupatamarca Qaqapatan Qenko Qillqatani Qillqa Qillqay Mach'ay Quiaca Quillarumi Quishuar Qullqapampa Qulu Qulu Qunchamarka Qunchupata Quri Winchus Qurimarka, Apurímac Qurimarka, Cusco Quriwayrachina, Anta Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho Quriwayrachina, La Convención Qasa Pata Qhapaq Kancha Raqch'i Revash Rumicolca Rumiwasi Runayoc Runkuraqay Sacsayhuamán Sara Sara Sayacmarca Sayhuite Sechín Sillustani Sipán Sóndor Soro Mik'aya Patjxa Susupillu Tambo Totem Tambomachay Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica Tampukancha Tanqa Tanqa Tantarica Taqrachullu Tarahuasi Tarmatambo Templo del Zorro The Toads of Wiraqucha Tikra Tinyaq Tipón Titiqaqa Toquepala Caves Toro Muerto Trinchera Túcume Tunanmarca Tunay Q'asa Tupu Inka T'akaq T'uqu T'uquyuq Uchkus Inkañan Urpish Uskallaqta Usnu, Ayacucho Usnu, Huánuco Usnu Muqu Usqunta Uyu Uyu Venado cautivo Ventanillas de Otuzco Ventarron Vilcabamba Vilcashuamán Viracochapampa Vitcos Waman Pirqa Wamanilla Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas Wamanmarka, Lima Wanakawri, Cusco Wanakawri, Huánuco Waqlamarka Waqra Pukara Waqutu Warahirka Waraqayuq Waraqu Urqu Warawtampu Wari Willka Waruq Wat'a, Cusco Wat'a, Huánuco Wayna Q'inti Wayna Tawqaray Wichama Wichqana Wich'un Wila Wilani Wilca Wilcahuaín Willkaraqay Wiñay Wayna Wiraqucha Pirqa Yanaca Yanaqi - Qillqamarka Yaynu Yuraq Mach'ay
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